Mars entry fault-tolerant control via neural network and structure adaptive model inversion

The capability of autonomous fault detection and reconstruction is essential for future manned Mars exploration missions. Considering actuator failures and atmosphere uncertainties, we present a new active fault-tolerant control algorithm for Mars entry by use of neural network and structure adaptive model inversion. First, the online BP neural network is adopted to conduct the fault detection and isolation. Second, based on the structure adaptive model inversion, an adaptive neural network PID controller is developed for Mars entry fault-tolerant control. The normal PID controller will be automatically switched into neural network PID controller when an actuator fault is detected. Therefore, the error between the reference model and the output of the attitude control system would be adjusted to ensure the dynamic property of the entry vehicle. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm developed in this paper is confirmed by computer simulation.     

基于火卫二视线测量的火星接近段自主导航算法

针对火星接近段导航通信时延大、存在通信盲区、自主导航可用观测信息有限等问题,提出了一种基于一组火卫二相对探测器视线矢量测量的天文自主导航算法,每个导航周期测量一组火卫二视线矢量可得到其中某一时刻探测器的完整轨道信息的估计值,该方法不依赖于轨道渐近线方向等先验信息。考虑到存在火卫二和火星在同一视场的情形,此时结合火星中心视线矢量方向以及火卫二的星历信息可估计出精度较高的探测器轨道半径,作为第一种方法的补充观测量,提高导航精度。最后给出仿真校验,验证了该方法的导航精度和可行性,表明该方案能够满足未来火星探测接近段自主导航需求。     

火星进入点误差对开伞点分布影响分析

随着火星探测任务需求的提升,着陆器在火星表面着陆精度的要求越来越高。着陆器开伞点分布是影响着陆精度的重要因素。文章围绕火星大气进入过程,简要介绍了着陆器运动学方程,并给出相应的数学模型。针对进入点（接触大气层）存在的初始状态误差,借助MonteCarlo法进行了着陆器开伞点分布情况分析。通过1000次重复仿真试验得出结论,着陆器开伞点的纵向误差在20~40km,横向误差在5~10km。最后,针对提高开伞点精度,提出两点建议并简要介绍了相关制导算法。     

“火星科学实验室”巡航段导航、制导与控制

介绍了美国最近实施的火星着陆任务——"火星科学实验室"在巡航段的姿轨控制和导航系统、巡航轨道控制的约束条件、控制策略设计和执行过程,并对巡航段导航、制导与控制相关经验进行了分析和总结,对于我国即将展开的自主火星探测具有一定的参考价值。可以得到的启示包括:通过蒙特卡洛仿真制定详尽的轨道控制策略,对非引力作用进行精确建模并标定,细化各种故障预案,选择合适的运载火箭入轨瞄准点,并增加海外测控站。     

Human spaceflight and an asteroid redirect mission: Why?

The planning of human spaceflight programmes is an exercise in careful rationing of a scarce and expensive resource. Current NASA plans are to develop the new capability for human-rated launch into space to replace the Space Transportation System (STS), more commonly known as the Space Shuttle, combined with a heavy lift capability, and followed by an eventual Mars mission. As an intermediate step towards Mars, NASA proposes to venture beyond Low Earth Orbit to cis-lunar space to visit a small asteroid which will be captured and moved to lunar orbit by a separate robotic mission. The rationale for this and how to garner support from the scientific community for such an asteroid mission are discussed. Key points that emerge are that a programme usually has greater legitimacy when it emerges from public debate, mostly via a Presidential Commission, a report by the National Research Council or a Decadal Review of science goals etc. Also, human spaceflight missions need to have support from a wide range of interested communities. Accordingly, an outline scientific case for a human visit to an asteroid is made. Further, it is argued here that the scientific interest in an asteroid mission needs to be included early in the planning stages, so that the appropriate capabilities (here the need for drilling cores and carrying equipment to, and returning samples from, the asteroid) can be included.     

基于普适变量法的火星探测器轨道初步设计及仿真

对基于普适变量的火星探测器轨道初步设计进行了研究。设计了地火转移轨道段、地球逃逸轨道段,以及基于B平面法的中途修正方法。绘制了2013年火星探测发射和到达能量等高图,将得到地火转移轨道的初始参数输入STK软件获得了空间真实摄动环境中的火星探测轨道。     

火星环境下降落伞拉直过程的动力学建模

文章在简要介绍火星探测器的物伞系统组成以及火星探测器降落伞拉直过程的基础上,根据拉直过程中各物体的运动属性,建立了火星探测器降落伞拉直过程的三维动力学模型。模型将伞包视为变质量六自由度刚体,进入器视为六自由度刚体,伞绳/伞衣采用质量阻尼弹簧模型,即将伞衣、伞绳、连接绳以及吊带离散成若干绳段,每个绳段处理为质量集中在端点的三自由度质点,各质点之间以阻尼弹簧相连。利用所提出的动力学模型对“海盗号”第一次气球发射试验进行了仿真,并与Moog R.D.的仿真计算结果和试验数据进行了对比,验证了该文数学模型的正确性与有效性。     

基于工程约束的火星着陆区选择

火星着陆区选择是火星着陆及巡视任务的重要工作之一,着陆区选择需要兼顾科学目标和工程约束,考虑高风险的任务特点,火星着陆任务的工程约束更为重要。工程约束涉及着陆区表面特征、任务轨道、大气等。表面特征包括地理高程、斜坡及地形起伏、岩石分布、尘土厚度、光照、热约束情况。这些因素将影响探测器进入、下降和着陆(EDL)过程的安全性和火星车移动能力。首先针对这些工程约束进行了排序与筛选;然后建立了基于模糊算法的分析模型,通过模糊推理得到各着陆区域的评价指标,从而进行着陆区选择;最后基于ExoMars2020任务的备选着陆区进行了方法验证。     

防热大底外形对火星探测器气动特性的影响分析

采用基于等效比热比的数值模拟方法,研究球锥和球头两种类型的火星进入探测器防热大底形状。对于每种外形分析关键几何参数对探测器基本气动性能的影响,并比较两类防热大底形状气动特性的差异。与球头形状的防热大底布局相比,球锥形状的防热大底布局一般阻力更大,对流加热量也更大,气动稳定性裕度更小。研究结果表明,从气动性能的角度来讲,70°半锥角的球锥防热大底布局对于火星进入探测器的设计而言并非最优的选择,适当设计的球头防热大底布局能够具有更好的性能。