Active debris removal of multiple priority targets

Today’s space debris environment shows major concentrations of objects within distinct orbital regions for nearly all size regimes. The most critical region is found at orbital altitudes near 800 km with high declinations. Within this region many satellites are operated in so called sun-synchronous orbits (SSO). Among those, there are Earth observation, communication and weather satellites. Due to the orbital geometry in SSO, head-on encounters with relative velocities of about 15 km/s are most probable and would thus result in highly energetic collisions, which are often referred to as catastrophic collisions, leading to the complete fragmentation of the participating objects. So called feedback collisions can then be triggered by the newly generated fragments, thus leading to a further population increase in the affected orbital region. This effect is known as the Kessler syndrome.     

Protecting Earth-orbiting spacecraft against micro-meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage using composite structural systems and materials: An overview

Spacecraft that are launched to operate in Earth orbit are susceptible to impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbital debris (MMOD). The effect of a MMOD particle impact on a spacecraft depends on where the impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, the function of the impacted system. In order to perform a risk analysis for a particular spacecraft under a specific mission profile, it is important to know whether or not the impacting particle (or its remnants) will exit the rear of an impacted spacecraft wall. A variety of different ballistic limit equations (BLEs) have been developed for many different types of structural wall configurations. BLEs can be used to optimize the design of spacecraft wall parameters so that the resulting configuration is able to withstand the anticipated variety of on-orbit high-speed impact scenarios. While the level of effort exerted in studying the response of metallic multi-wall systems to high speed particle impact is quite substantial, the extent of the effort to study composite material and composite structural systems under similar impact conditions has been much more limited. This paper presents an overview of the activities performed to assess the resiliency of composite structures and materials under high speed projectile impact. The activities reviewed will be those that have been aimed at increasing the level of protection afforded to spacecraft operating in the MMOD environment, and more specifically, on those activities performed to mitigate the mechanical and structural effects of an MMOD impact.     

基于模拟退火粒子群算法的波浪发电系统最大功率跟踪控制

波浪发电系统最大功率点跟踪控制中,传统粒子群算法存在早熟收敛和局部搜索能力不足问题,为此提出基于模拟退火算法的粒子群优化方案。该算法每次更新粒子的速度和位置时,通过比较当前温度下各个粒子的适配值与随机数的大小,从所有粒子中确定全局最优解的替代值,从而使粒子群算法在发生早熟收敛时能够跳出局部最优并快速找到全局最优解。仿真结果表明,与传统粒子群优化算法相比,模拟退火粒子群算法可有效避免波浪发电系统陷入局部最大功率点,并快速实现全局最大功率跟踪,提高了波浪能捕获率。     

Beam-Park-Experiment-1/2000 with TIRA

A monostatic 24-h debris observation campaign (BPE-1/2000) has been prepared and conducted using FGAN's TIRA L-Band system. Based on experiences from previous Beam-park experiments a similar largely automated data processing is applied on an extended range window of 300–2000km. More than 1500 detections are encountered, 471 of them are verified as being real objects in Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO). PROOF's observation forecasting of catalogued objects is evaluated against the observed objects, and the difficulties obtaining radar cross-sections (RCSs) and object sizes from Beam-park experiments are discussed. Sidelobe detections are identified by using background information like two-line element (TLE) sets and/or catalogued RCSs.In comparison with previous experiments, the statistics show similarities confirming the concept of Beam-park experiments for space debris observations, despite the snapshot character of 24-h experiments. The comparison with MASTER/PROOF'99 and ORDEM2000 leads to a reasonable agreement between models and observations.     

Mathematical description of the NaK model for MASTER-2005

The release of NaK droplets has been modeled for the new version of the European Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference model MASTER-2005. Previously published versions of the model have been revised. The parameters of the model are introduced and discussed. NaK droplets consist of eutectic sodium–potassium alloy and have been released during RORSAT reactor core ejections. They contributed to the space debris environment in the centimeter and millimeter size regime. Sixteen nuclear powered RORSATs launched between 1980 and 1988 activated a reactor core ejection system in Sufficiently High Orbits (SHO), mostly between 900 and 950 km altitude. The core ejection caused an opening of the primary coolant circuit. The liquid coolant has been released into space during these core ejections. The outflow is considered as a discrete event for each of the sixteen core ejections in total. The NaK coolant has been forming droplets up to a diameter of 5.5 cm. NaK releases are restricted to a very narrow region near 65° inclination. This paper gives the parameters of the NaK release model as it is implemented in MASTER-2005. The quantitative values of all model parameters including characteristic diameter and uniformity parameter are presented. The ratio of the characteristic droplet size to the orifice diameter is discussed. It is estimated that altogether 128 kg of NaK-78 (8 kg per RORSAT) was released on orbit. Simulation runs show that there are still 45,000 droplets with a total mass of 97 kg in orbit at the reference epoch 1 May 2005, whereas the smallest droplet has a diameter of 5 mm. Results of orbit propagation simulation runs are presented in terms of spatial density.     

Al/Mg阻抗梯度材料超高速撞击机理数值仿真研究

文章采用数值仿真方法研究了Al/Mg阻抗梯度材料在超高速撞击下的响应过程,分析了冲击波在阻抗梯度材料中的传播规律,计算了撞击过程中的能量耗散情况,并与弹丸撞击铝合金靶的结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,相对于铝合金材料,Al/Mg阻抗梯度材料：1）延长了冲击波的传播时间,使峰值压力脉冲的比冲量提升了30%～50%;2）提高了塑性功和内能转化量,使不可逆功增加了10%。由此证明阻抗梯度材料的防护性能优于铝合金。     

基于遗传模拟退火算法的无人机航迹规划

航迹规划技术是无人机任务规划系统中重要的核心技术之一,无人机飞行空间广阔,需要一种快速搜索最佳路径的方法.首先在飞行区域中建立数字地图模型和防空威胁区模型,在满足无人机飞行约束条件的情况下,为无人机航迹规划提供一种遗传模拟退火算法,充分利用模拟退化算法的概率突跳特性和遗传算法强大的快速搜索能力.仿真结果表明,使用该算法无人机能够自动避开模拟数字地图的威胁区,搜索出一条安全有效航迹,并保证航线的完整性和最优性.     

脉冲雷达凝视模式下低轨碎片相对运动特征分析

脉冲雷达凝视模式是一种探测低轨小碎片的重要方式,其中低轨碎片与雷达的径向运动关系是碎片统计分析的基础.为推算碎片相对雷达的运动特征,基于坐标系的相互转换,先利用雷达测站信息,得到可见碎片在地惯坐标系下的轨道信息;再逆向将目标不同时刻的位置转换至测站坐标系下,得到目标的径向运动特征.在不同要素（雷达波束指向、雷达仰角、测站纬度、目标距离）下,仿真及对比分析了各个参数对速度模糊度、雷达可见性等的影响,得出在凝视模式下目标相对雷达近似做径向匀加速运动,这为后续试验工作提供有力的依据.     

模拟失重条件下航天员旋转运动方法实验验证

航天员太空飞行中,需要改变自身位置与朝向以完成不同的作业任务,当其无法触碰到手脚限制器等借助物时,会涉及通过自身动作的转换产生人体旋转的问题。为此,首先基于Roberson-Wittenburg方法建立了人体动力学方程,据此提出能够使得人体转动的肢体操作方法,然后采用悬吊法模拟太空失重环境,对比不同控制方法产生的旋转作用效果,发现肢体旋转时与身体的夹角和肢体旋转速度是影响人体旋转完成时间和关节力矩的主要因素,最后结合推荐动作与实验结果提出空间姿态变换运动的操作建议。结果表明本文推荐动作有一定的优越性,对航天员处于太空中的自旋转运动具有实用意义。     

爆炸成形弹丸侵彻模拟律研究

利用相似理论的知识分析了爆炸成形弹丸的穿甲模拟律问题,在此基础上,建立了爆炸成形弹丸的穿甲模拟律关系.为检验其正确性,利用所建立的模拟律关系,以模拟比1:1.33设计了原型试验和模型试验,并分别对45#碳钢板进行了穿甲模拟试验.本试验结果进行处理后得出结论:本文所建立的爆炸成形弹丸的穿甲模拟律关系是成立的.