Hi content in cluster and supercluster galaxies

In this lecture I review part of the published and unpublished observational evidence showing that cluster spiral galaxies are hydrogen deficient. Always using observational data, it is argued that the deficiency is due to the interaction between the galaxies and the intergalactic medium. Furthermore it is shown that the stellar population of deficient galaxies has also been affected and a brief discussion is given of the mechanisms at work.     

The structure and effects of cooling flows in clusters of galaxies

Rapidly cooling gas is commonly found near the centres of clusters of galaxies. The structure of the resulting gas flows is reviewed. Total gas cooling rates of several hundred M yr⁻¹ have been observed in a number of cases. Thermal instability and the ultimate fate of the cooled gas are discussed. The cooled gas could easily have formed a massive central galaxy.     

Robust model predictive control for satellite formation keeping with eccentricity/inclination vector separation

This study presents model predictive formation control based on an eccentricity/inclination vector separation strategy. Alternative collision avoidance can be accomplished by using eccentricity/inclination vectors and adding a simple goal function term for optimization process. Real-time control is also achievable with model predictive controller based on convex formulation. Constraint-tightening approach is address as well improve robustness of the controller, and simulation results are presented to verify performance enhancement for the proposed approach.     

Spacecraft formation flying control around L2 sun-earth libration point using on–off SDRE approach

In this paper, on–off SDRE control approach is presented for spacecraft formation flying control around sun-earth L2 libration point. Orbits around libration points are significant targets for many space missions mainly because of efficient fuel consumption. Furthermore, less propellant usage can be achieved by considering optimal control approaches in spacecraft formation flying control design. Among various nonlinear and optimal control methods, SDRE has shown to be a popular controller in various missions due to the privileges including efficiency, accuracy and robustness. The spacecraft are assumed to have on–off thrusters as actuators. It requires them to be fed with a sequence of on–off pulses which is regarded as a challenge for spacecraft designers. Hence, the main contribution of this paper is designing an on–off SDRE approach for the formation flight around sun-earth L2 point with uncertainty with energy and accuracy considerations. Including on–off input as a constraint is not feasible for SDRE implementation because it makes the system non-affine. An alternative is utilizing an integral action technique and an auxiliary control to make the system affine which leads to on–off SDRE approach. It has also been shown that the proposed method is robust against parametric uncertainties of the states. Present study aims to design an energy-beneficial, simple and attractive controller for a complex nonlinear system with on–off inputs and uncertainty in CRTBP. Simulation results show that the on–off SDRE control could provide the formation flight around L2 point with high accuracy using less energy consumption.     

类X?47B无人机菱形编队气动干扰数值模拟

设计了一种由4架类X?47B飞翼布局无人机（UAVs）组成的菱形编队。通过求解RANS方程的数值模拟方法,研究了菱形编队无人机气动干扰问题,详细分析了影响机理,定量给出了编队减阻效果。计算结果表明:头机气动性能基本保持不变。两侧僚机受上洗气流影响,其减阻效果明显。尾机主要受下洗气流影响,其阻力增大,对编队久航和远航不利。在重力配平条件下,两侧僚机飞行阻力的减小是由攻角减小和诱导阻力减小共同引起的。尾机在编队中飞行阻力的增大主要是攻角增大带来的阻力增加,诱导阻力增大仅带来了20%的阻力增量。从减小下洗气流对尾机的不利影响出发,对不同垂向间距的尾机升阻特性进行了研究,并参考雁群头鸟变换行为机制,给出了无人机菱形编队飞行建议。      

反舰导弹对舰艇编队末端选择能力仿真

选择能力是反舰导弹的一项重要作战性能,它可以提高对编队中预选目标的搜捕概率,有效提升导弹突击效果。综合考虑反舰导弹自控终点散布误差及舰艇目标定位误差,通过蒙特卡洛仿真法,建立反舰导弹对舰艇编队目标的选择能力模型。通过仿真实验得出反舰导弹 6种不同选择模式的搜捕概率与搜索扇面角度、半径及入射角度之间的变化关系曲线图,得出了提高反舰导弹对人字形编队目标选择能力的参数设定。     

多机构比对融合的分布式InSAR编队星间基线确定

星间基线高精度确定是分布式干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）系统完成科学任务的重要保证,受星载全球定位系统（GPS）接收机连续跟踪弧段短、个别弧段共视GPS卫星个数少或模糊度固定成功率低、频繁轨道机动等因素影响,分布式InSAR高精度基线确定仍有不可靠的风险。通过多机构产品互比来识别基线精度较差的时间段,降低不可靠风险,并通过多机构产品融合进一步提高基线精度。选用重力反演与气候实验（GRACE）卫星数据进行实验,国防科技大学（NDT）和西安测绘研究所（CHS）采用不同的基线处理软件和简化动力学策略,保证了各自的基线产品具有一定的独立性。实验表明,多机构互比对可以有效识别基线精度较差的时间段,NDT和CHS的基线产品之间具有很好的一致性,互比对残差的均方根（RMS）在R、T、N方向分别为0.7、0.9、0.7 mm,二者之间没发现明显系统偏差,大约97.86%的基线三维互比对残差量级在2 mm以内。两个机构基线产品融合后发现可进一步降低基线产品中的随机波动误差,K/Ka波段测距（KBR）系统校核结果表明融合基线产品精度较NDT基线产品提高8.97%,较CHS基线产品提高29.21%。     

基于自由权矩阵的时变时延线性群系统编队控制

研究了基于自由权矩阵方法的时变时延线性群系统编队控制问题。首先,基于一致性理论,设计了具有时变时延的线性群系统编队控制协议。其次,通过变量代换,将时延条件下的线性群系统编队控制问题转化为时延系统的镇定问题。构造Lyapunov-Krasovskii函数,并利用自由权矩阵方法对时延系统的镇定问题进行分析,得到了保守性较小的线性矩阵不等式（LMI）判据,并求解出时延上界和编队控制器增益。最后,通过仿真实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

钛合金和铝合金均具有质轻、比强度高和抗腐蚀性能好等优点,已广泛应用于航空航天、军事工业和公共交通等领域,钛/铝异种金属复合结构的连接逐渐成为研究热点。然而,由于物理和化学性能差异明显,钛/铝焊接难度大,存在成形困难、接头性能较差等问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接方法,对克服异种材料性能差异带来的焊接困难具有极大的优势。本文综述了钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,主要涉及焊缝成形、焊接参数、力学特征、冶金结合和连接机制等,以及衍生的搅拌摩擦焊新技术,为钛/铝异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,并对其未来发展进行了展望。