The entropy in groups – a clue to galaxy formation

The entropy in the hot X-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires “extra” energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with pre-heating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe.     

HORACE: A compact cold atom clock for Galileo

HORACE (HOrloge à Refroidissement d’Atomes en Cellule = clock based on atoms cooled from vapour cell) is a compact cold caesium atom clock developed in SYRTE at Paris Observatory. This clock can operate both on ground and in microgravity environment. Design of HORACE is based on isotropic light cooling, allowing performing the whole clock sequence (cooling, atomic preparation, Ramsey interrogation and detection) at the same place. Compared to more conventional cold atom clocks such as atomic fountains, the use of isotropic light cooling simplifies both the optical part of the setup and the detection sequence, and leads to a drastic size reduction of the physics package. Very good short-term performances have been demonstrated at SYRTE since relative frequency instability of 2.2 × 10⁻¹³ τ^−1/2 has been obtained. Optimization of the long term stability is still under progress and current results show relative frequency instability around 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ in 10⁴ s of integration. With these performances, HORACE appears as a good candidate both for Galileo’s ground segment clock and for onboard Galileo clock.     

锶原子冷却与光晶格装载

锶原子光钟冷却实验实现原子由一级宽带冷却到二级窄线宽冷却转移二级冷却后原子温度约为2μK;晶格激光在原子冷却过程中始终开启,实现原子边冷却边装载。     

CCPL液体冷却罩(LCS)结构设计与分析

液体冷却罩是CCPL与CPL的主要区别之一 ,文章概述了液体冷却罩的主要作用和设计过程 ,讨论了液体冷却罩的不同结构设计方案 ,分析了它们的特性 ,通过比较认为 ,当工作环境与CCPL传输距离不同时 ,可选择不同结构的液体冷却罩 ,其中 ,由冷凝管道提供冷负荷的液体冷却罩设计方案是一种最具有前途的设计方案。     

液冷装备散热能力的工程生理学分析

文章对航空航天活动中使用的液冷装备散热能力影响因素,从工程生理学角度进行分析讨论,以便能够结合实际情况,合理选用有关参数,提出最佳设计方案,从而使制作的装备,具有更高的人-环热交换能力,更好地保证人-机工效,最终圆满完成各种飞行任务. 所讨论的影响因素包括:(1)关于液温与流量问题;(2)致冷部位与液流方向;(3)装备内的水汽压问题;(4)身体不同活动水平以及(5)服装结构、接触面积、隔热性能和使用方法等.     

某发动机气膜冷却火焰筒壁温的数值计算

运用考虑轴向导热和不考虑轴向导热两种分析模型研究了某先进发动机气膜冷却火焰筒的壁温分布，并对常规冷却气量和低冷却气量两种情况进行了对比．结果表明对常规冷却气量轴向导热可以忽略，但对低冷却气量是不可以忽略的．两种模型计算所得最高壁温均不超过１１００Ｋ，表明该型发动机的气膜冷却结构设计非常成功，文中导出的壁温计算程序可以满足工程设计的精度要求．     

具有离散出气孔的旋转盘平均换热特性

实际发动机涡轮盘腔结构中的冷气进入叶片的冷却通道被简化为旋转盘上离散的通孔,冷气从静盘的中心流入,然后从这些通孔和转静盘间隙流出.针对这样的转静系统进行换热实验,得到了旋转盘表面的平均换热系数和转盘上通孔内平均换热系数.分析了转速、冷却气体流量对换热特性的影响,并给出了无量纲经验关系式.结果显示进气流量系数和旋转雷诺数的增加将导致盘面平均努塞尔数和通孔内表面的平均努塞尔数的增加.      

X-ray filaments in cluster cooling flows

ROSAT HRI images were obtained for two clusters of galaxies which contain strong cooling flows, A2029 and 2A0335+096. These observations confirm that gas is cooling at rates of in A2029 and in 2A0335+096. In both clusters, the X-ray emission from the inner cooling flow regions (r 100 kpc) is very inhomogeneous, with the X-ray surface brightness being dominated by a number of X-ray emitting filaments. Using the crude spectral resolution of the HRI, we show that these filaments are the result of excess emission, rather than foreground X-ray absorption. Although there are uncertainties in the pointing, many of the X-ray features in the cooling flow region of 2A0335+096 correspond to features in H optical line emission. This indicates that the 10⁴ K gas originates through the cooling of hot X-ray emitting gas. The gas is the filaments is too dense to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and it is likely that other forces such as rotation, turbulence, and magnetic fields influence the dynamical state of the gas. The filaments may be supported in part by magnetic fields and may be connected with the filaments of very strong Faraday rotation seen in several nearly cooling flows.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴直流喷嘴燃烧过程数值模拟

为研究全流量补燃FFSC(Full Flow Staged Combustion)循环发动机气-气喷注器性能,以气氢/气氧(GH2/GO2)预燃室提供的758K富氢燃气和676K富氧燃气为推进剂对同轴直流喷嘴燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.考察了相同燃烧室结构、流量、入口燃气温度条件下,富氧燃气压降、富氢燃气和富氧燃气的速度比、氧喷嘴厚度和氧喷嘴缩进变化对燃烧性能的影响,获得了4个参数的影响规律.数值模拟结果对燃气气-气喷注器结构设计有参考价值.     

KM6空间环境模拟设备运动模拟器内腔温度控制设计方案

文章在运动模拟器初始通风冷却温度控制方案的基础上, 提出了风扇换热器组件冷却方案, 并采用CFD模拟两种方案下模拟器内部流场和温度场分布。此外, 为了验证风扇换热器组件冷却方案的可行性, 采用遗传算法进行了三流程板翅式换热器的优化设计。计算表明风扇换热器组件冷却方案可行有效, 明显改善运动模拟器内部气体流动和换热。     

30°预旋进气旋转盘流动与换热特性的实验

用实验的方法对具有30°预旋进气的旋转盘附近冷气流动与换热特性进行了研究,得到了静 盘表面压力、转盘表面温度、局部努赛尔特数的分布及平均努赛尔特数的变化.结果显示静 止盘罩表面的压力随着半径的增加而增加,随转速的增加而增加.转盘表面的局部努赛尔特 数在r＜0.7R的区域基本不变, r＞0.7R的区域里, 局部努赛尔特数随r的增加而增大.该预旋 角情况下,进气雷诺数对盘面平均努赛尔特数的影响大于旋转雷诺数.     

太阳能吸附除湿制冷的置换通风系统

根据现今空调的发展方向,介绍了一种新兴的通风方式——置换通风系统,论述了其原理及结合冷却顶板后的热舒适性条件．针对目前能源危机和生态环境恶化的状况,提出了基于太阳能吸附除湿制冷的置换通风送风系统．阐述了两者结合的节能、环保、创造热舒适环境的特性．      

Passive cooling of superconducting magnetic systems in space

The equilibrium temperature of a system in space can be lowered by a suitable choice of its geometry and its attitude. This remark is important for devices based on medium temperature and high temperature superconducting materials, and offers the possibility of their fully passive cooling without or with a marginal recourse to active systems. General parameterizations are given and simple schemes discussed. The adopted geometrical configuration and the attitude can enhance the role of passive cooling of the large superconducting magnetic systems required for protecting from ionizing radiation manned habitats in deep space. A specific example based on MgB₂ cable for protecting large volume habitats (500 and 1000 m³) is treated. The systems can be run in deep space at equilibrium temperatures around 20 K mainly by passive cooling, provided that their geometry and attitude would be suitably chosen.     

喷流制冷的高超声速后台阶流场气动光学效应研究

近年来,临近空间的军事应用价值受到了越来越多的关注。为了研究高超声速飞行器典型后台阶结构的气动光学问题，采用研究稀薄气体动力学的直接模拟蒙特卡洛算法(DSMC)研究了临近空间不同喷流控制下的后台阶流动特性，并采用光线追踪方法研究了不同流动控制下流场的气动光学效应。计算结果表明，随着飞行高度增加，壁面热流将增加，同时气动光效应将变弱。在四种喷流冷却方式中，喷流方式A的冷却效果最好，同时没有增加气动光学效应，B、D方式具有一定的冷却效应，但使得气动光学效应更加严重。     

Design concept for a small,helium cooled,high-resolution interferometer for limb emission measurement

A Helium cooled two-beam interferometer for measuring atmospheric emission spectra between 5 μm and 15 μm with a spectral resolution of 0.1 cm^?1 has been designed. The unconventional arrangement of the interferometer optics results in very low heat generation by the mirror drive, high reliability under cryogenic conditions and suitable size and weight for space applications.     

FIRST — Far Infrared and Submillimetre Space Telescope

The present status of the ESA cornerstone mission FIRST is presented. A recent industrial study has generated a spacecraft concept employing a 4.5 m passively cooled telescope with focal plane instrument cooling provided by a superfluid helium cryostat. The model payload complement includes two direct detection instruments as well as two heterodyne instruments. After a shared launch by Ariane 5 into GTO, FIRST propels itself into the 24-hour highly eccentric operational orbit, where observations can be conducted up to 17 hours per day with an expected approximate mission duration of 3 years. An additional complementary study of a non-cryostat spacecraft option will also be performed.     

Guidance and control of a balloon-borne X-ray telescope with onboard and ground based computers

The balloon payload HEXE ^A) is designed to observe cosmic X-ray sources in the energy range 20–250 keV. Its detectors are ‘Phoswich’ scintillators with a total sensitive area of 2300 cm² and a cooled Ge solid state detector with an area of 100 cm² [1]. The instrument was flown successfully in 1980 and 1981 from Palestine, Texas.Here we describe the control of the instrument and guidance of the telescope as well as the method of data retrieval and real time analysis. These tasks are performed by a ground based minicomputer (HP 1000) and onboard microprocessors (M 6800) which are linked together by data and command telemetry.     

Gravitational wave detection on the Moon and the moons of Mars

The Moon and the moons of Mars should be extremely quiet seismically and could therefore become sensitive gravitational wave detectors, if instrumented properly. Highly sensitive displacement sensors could be deployed on these planetary bodies to monitor the motion induced by gravitational waves. A superconducting displacement sensor with a 10-kg test mass cooled to 2 K will have an intrinsic instrument noise of 10⁻¹⁶ m Hz^−1/2. These sensors could be tuned to the lowest two quadrupole modes of the body or operated as a wideband detector below its fundamental mode. An interesting frequency range is 0.1–1 Hz, which will be missed by both the ground detectors on the Earth and LISA and would be the best window for searching for stochastic background gravitational waves. Phobos and Deimos have their lowest quadrupole modes at 0.2–0.3 Hz and could offer a sensitivity h_min ? 10⁻²² Hz^−1/2 within their resonance peaks, which is within two orders of magnitude from the goal of the Big Bang Observer (BBO). The lunar and Martian moon detectors would detect many interesting foreground sources in a new frequency window and could serve as a valuable precursor for BBO.     

一种单喷嘴推力室燃烧内流场的方法

为了方便开展单喷嘴气气喷注器燃烧试验研究,设计了一种燃烧室壁面测温,并结合推力室燃烧流场的非稳态数值模拟的方法,以考察燃烧室内流场的发展和燃烧完成情况.应用试验数据对不同的湍流模型和燃烧模型进行了对比研究,得到与试验结果较为吻合的计算模型.并应用该方法开展了同轴剪切式喷注器氢/氧喷注动量比、燃烧室压力变化的试验研究.试验结果表明喷注器掺混燃烧效果随氢/氧喷注动量比增加而增强,而不随燃烧室压力的变化而变化.     

沉积环境下气膜冷却效率的实验

为了研究燃气涡轮叶片表面污染物沉积对气膜冷却的影响,通过将熔融石蜡喷入到小型风洞中,来模拟真实涡轮中的污染物,用平板近似代替涡轮叶片,在高温主流和低温冷流掺混的情况下,观察不同孔径和粗糙度对实验件表面颗粒物沉积的影响,以及在石蜡沉积后气膜冷却效果的变化趋势。结果表明,相同实验条件下,随着孔径的增大,气膜冷却效率逐渐增大,孔径为10 mm时的冷却效率比5 mm时的高6%左右,同时,平板表面的石蜡沉积逐渐减少,厚度相差0.15~0.20 mm;随着平板表面粗糙度的增加,气膜冷却效率逐渐下降,而石蜡沉积逐渐增多;较石蜡颗粒沉积前,沉积后的气膜冷却效率有较大的下降,效率相差5%左右。