Experimental research on rotating detonation with liquid hypergolic propellants

This paper describes experimental research into the initiation and propagation of rotating detonation for liquid Nitrogen TetrOxide (NTO) and liquid MonoMethylHydrazine (MMH). An annular rocket-type combustor without nozzle was designed to investigate detonation combustion. The propellants were injected through unlike impingement injectors. The combustion flame fronts and pressure waves were detected using optical diagnostics and dynamic pressure sensors, respectively. The propagation of rotating detonation was established spontaneously by increasing the mass flow rate of propellants. The velocity of propagation of the flame fronts and pressure waves was nearly equal and reaches supersonic speed. Two different detonation combustion patterns are present, single wave mode and double waves mode. And in double waves mode, the two detonation waves are always counter-rotating. The possibility of rotating detonation initiation in a combustor with nozzle was also checked. Stable rotating detonation can be initialized and sustained at similar operating conditions.     

横向射流影响缓燃向爆震转捩过程的试验研究

为探究横向射流对缓燃转爆震过程的影响,在高为20 mm,深为6 mm,总长为810 mm的矩形通道内进行了横向射流加速起爆的单爆试验。采用甲烷和氧气的预混气为反应物,点火源为点火能量为50 mJ的弱火花塞点火。垂直于主流的横向喷射孔径为1 mm,喷射介质为与反应物同浓度的混气。试验主要研究射流延迟时间、射流位置、射流数量和射流分布形式对起爆特性的影响。结果显示,射流各喷射位置下均存在相应的最佳射流延迟喷射时间使得预混气的起爆时间最短。射流位置分别位于距点火区90、270 mm处的平行双射流和90、180 mm处的交错射流均具有最短的起爆时间,约为1 ms。     

气流出口型面对凹面腔内激波聚焦起爆的影响

为提高两级脉冲爆震发动机工作的可靠性,探寻强化凹面腔内激波聚焦起爆爆震波的方法,通过数值模拟,采用氢气作为燃料、空气作为氧化剂,探讨了3种凹面腔气流出口型面及出口面积对激波聚焦起爆的影响。结果表明:采用垂直出口壁面有助于提高凹面腔内的激波聚焦起爆压力和温度,使起爆时刻提前,随着出口面积的减小,激波聚焦峰值压力有较大的提高;但效果不如垂直壁面,随着倾斜壁面出口面积减小,起爆点的压力和温度只有小幅度增加,起爆时刻基本无变化;采用弧形出口壁面,不能对向凹面腔底部传播的激波产生反射强化作用,不能有效起爆爆震波。对比3种出口壁面型面,垂直壁面能更有利于凹面腔内的能量聚集,强化激波聚焦起爆爆震波。      

当量比对连续旋转爆轰燃烧室特性的影响

为了探究当量比对甲烷-空气连续旋转爆轰燃烧室（CRDC）特性的影响,利用二维可压缩欧拉方程对CRDC进行了数值研究,分析了爆轰波的发展过程和贫燃熄火过程,对比了不同工况下CRDC特性参数的变化情况。结果表明:CRDC起爆后燃烧场在由不稳定状态到相对稳定状态的过程中发生了2次碰撞,当进气当量比较低时,CRDC未能完全发生2次碰撞过程就已经熄爆。随着进气当量比的降低,爆轰波传播速度、轴向平均速度、出口平均温度、出口平均总压均呈下降趋势;增压比随当量比降低而减小的根本原因在于旋转爆轰燃烧过程和等压燃烧过程的熵增差减小,使吉布斯自由能增量差减小。CRDC的燃料驻留时间处于亚毫秒量级,燃烧热效率保持在99%以上。      

激波引燃冲压发动机一体化流场数值模拟

激波引燃冲压发动机是一种采用爆轰形式组织燃烧的吸气式高超声速飞行器动力系统。采用AUSMPW+迎风格式、氢氧7组分8步基于反应模型,在非结构网格离散域上求解二维多组分化学非平衡流Euler方程。采用发展的数值方法求解了激波引燃冲压发动机内外一体化流场,研究了台阶长度、斜劈尖角度对发动机流场结构和发动机性能参数的影响规律。计算结果表明,所发展的数值方法能用于激波引燃冲压发动机的一体化流场和性能预示计算;台阶长度和斜劈尖角度影响发动机流场结构和预混气体能量释放程度。推力和燃料比冲均随台阶长度的增大而增大,随斜劈尖角度的增大而减少。     

脉冲爆震发动机爆震管壁换热及冷却的实验

利用Pt100热电阻对脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)在有、无水冷状态下爆震管壁沿轴向的温度分布进行了实验研究.实验结果发现爆震管同一轴向位置处,爆震外管壁温度随爆震频率的增加而增加.同一爆震频率时,距推力壁位置越远,爆震外管壁温度相对越高.向爆震管换热系统中通入冷却水之后,爆震外管壁温度有明显的降低,并且爆震外管壁温度梯度也有一定的下降,20Hz时加水冷之后,PDE工作16s时,爆震外管壁温度最高可降低106.5℃.      

两相脉冲爆震涡轮发动机原理性试验

为验证脉冲爆震涡轮发动机（PDTE）的可行性,建立了PDTE原理性试验系统,主要由脉冲爆震燃烧室、离心压气机和向心涡轮等组成.以汽油为燃料,空气为氧化剂,开展了PDTE原理性试验研究.试验结果表明:爆震燃烧室、压气机与涡轮三者能够协调工作,发动机能够在自吸气模式下长时间稳定连续工作,发动机工作频率最高达18Hz.研究中所采用的气动阀对爆震反传压力波具有很好的衰减作用,低频下衰减效果更为明显,发动机工作在6Hz时压力波峰值可衰减93.8%,在18Hz时衰减幅度降为78.4%.反传压力的降低有利于爆震燃烧室与压气机之间的匹配工作,同时可缩短反传距离,有助于提高发动机工作频率.      

乙烯和汽油多循环脉冲爆震发动机起爆特性比较

为了研究脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)结构对其工作性能的影响,在内径为40mm、长为1050mm的气动阀式脉冲爆震发动机样机上,进行了气态乙烯/空气和液态汽油/空气的多循环起爆特性试验研究.研究结果表明:在25,30Hz和40Hz下都能在乙烯/空气中成功触发爆震波,40Hz下产生C-J(Chapman-Jouguet)爆震波,传播速度为1724m/s(低于C-J爆震波速度理论值1832.45m/s的5.6%),峰值压力为3.01MPa(高于C-J爆震波压力理论值2.79MPa的7.88%).在相同结构下,汽油/空气未能完成由缓燃向爆震转变的过程.通过对比两种燃料下的试验结果发现:相对于气态燃料,液态燃料受其蒸发过程的影响,在爆震管内的火焰加速缓慢,需要更多的强化燃烧装置来加速火焰,带来的总压损失也更大.因此,对于液态燃料改善雾化和蒸发,提高可爆混气的质量是其实现低阻起爆的关键.      

Experimental Investigation of Nozzle Effects on Thrust and Inlet Pressure of an Air-breathing Pulse Detonation Engine

Nozzle effects on thrust and inlet pressure of a multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine (APDE) are investigated experimentally. An APDE with 68 mm in diameter and 2 050 mm in length is operated using gasoline/air mixture. Straight nozzle, converging nozzle, converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle are tested. The results show that thrust augmentation of converging-diverging nozzle, diverging nozzle or straight nozzle is better than that of converging nozzle on the whole. Thrust augmentation of straight nozzle is worse than those of converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle. Thrust augmentations of diverging nozzle with larger expansion ratio and converging-diverging nozzle with larger throat area range from 20% to 40% on tested frequencies and are better than those of congeneric other nozzles respectively. Nozzle effects on inlet pressure are also researched. At each frequency it is indicated that filling pressures and average peak pressures of inlet with diverging nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle with large throat cross section area are higher than those with straight nozzle and converging nozzle. Pressures near thrust wall increase in an increase order from without nozzle, with diverging nozzle, straight nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle to converging nozzle.     

突跃型与平滑型斜爆震波起爆机制数值模拟

采用带有化学反应的Euler方程,对突跃型与平滑型2种形态的斜爆震波(ODW)在起爆机制和结构特点等方面的差异进行了研究.结果表明:斜激波(OSW)后是否存在亚声速区是判定斜爆震形态的依据.当波后火焰抬升斜激波面使得亚声速区存在时,横向激波与三波点结构就会出现并形成突跃型斜爆震.当波后所有区域皆为超声速区时,波后火焰燃烧无法影响到上游激波面,则会形成平滑型斜爆震.通过斜激波关系式给出了横向激波形成所需的临界斜激波角度,只有当斜激波角度大于此临界角度时才能形成突跃型斜爆震波,反之则形成平滑型斜爆震波.