A numerical study of noontime bite-outs in F2-region electron density

Noontime bite-outs in ionospheric F₂-region electron density in the geomagnetic equatorial, low, and middle latitudes have been reproduced in this study using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). The different driving mechanisms of F₂-region noontime bite-outs at different latitudes were further verified by modeling simulation. In the geomagnetic equator, the upward ExB plasma drifts are the main process to produce the noontime bite-outs in ionospheric electron density. In the geomagnetic low latitudes, both the electrical fields and poleward meridional winds play a crucial role in forming the noontime bite-outs. In contrast to the case at the geomagnetic equator, a weaker fountain effect might be an favorable condition for the noontime bite-outs to occur at low latitudes. For geomagnetic middle latitudes, an upward plasma flux and poleward meridional winds are the dominated drivers in producing the noontime bite-outs. Modeling results show that a large upward plasma flux and poleward meridional winds make the noontime bite-outs to occur and observable over middle latitudes.     

空间碎片撞击卫星影响分析及验证

近年来，空间碎片环境日益复杂严峻，对卫星在轨飞行构成严重威胁，发生碰撞风险大幅增加。针对低轨卫星遭受空间碎片撞击问题，分析了撞击产生的二次碎片云损伤机理，提出了利用遥测数据评估撞击产生的影响，分析撞击信息的流程，设计了相应地面验证实验。结果表明:碎片云引发二次损伤为空间碎片撞击卫星主要损伤形式。碎片云可导致多层隔热材料(MLI)发生破损甚至严重撕裂、外翻，同时引起供电线缆损伤、导线被击断。破损的供电电缆，通过大电流后发生断路的可能性急剧提升，对卫星危害巨大。     

Static magnetic field analysis of hollow-cup motor model and bow-shaped permanent magnet design

The hollow-cup Permanent Magnet (PM) motors have the characteristics of low power consumption, and are widely used in the aerospace field. At present, the tile-shaped PMs used by hollow-cup PM motors have poor sinusoidal characteristics of the air gap magnetic flux density waveform, which will cause torque ripple. The existing method for improving the air gap magnetic flux density waveform is not very effective when applied to hollow cup, a special motor with no stator core and large air gap. A bow-shaped PMs structure is designed for the hollow-cup motor in this paper. First, the equivalent surface current method is used to calculate the analytical formula of the static magnetic field of the model. Then, the Finite Element (FE) method is used to calculate the static air gap flux density waveform of conventional tile-shaped PMs and bow-shaped PMs with different bow heights, and the corresponding harmonics and sine distortion are obtained by Fourier decomposition. The simulation results show that the bow-shaped PMs can effectively improve the sinusoidal characteristics of the static air gap flux density waveform. And the suitable bow height is determined. Finally, a prototype is made based on the suitable bow height for experiments, and compared with the analytical result and the FE result, and the accuracy and effectiveness of the bow-shaped PMs with the suitable bow height are verified.     

典型卫星表面材质的近红外干涉光谱反演

为研究空间碎片表面材料发生镜面反射时的光谱特征,采用光纤光谱仪联合高精度测角光度计,测量了4种典型空间碎片材质在多种入射角下的可见-短波红外光谱反射率,发现三结砷化镓电池片和聚酰亚胺包覆膜的镜面反射光谱在近红外波段(1 000～1 800 nm)出现了明显的等倾干涉光谱条纹。进一步分析表明,该光谱条纹由空间材质本身的多层工艺结构特性引起,并运用相关分析法建模计算求得砷化镓层厚度为5.518 9μm,近红外折射率为3.472 4;聚酰亚胺层厚度为24.210 6μm,近红外折射率为1.707 4,反演结果与材质标称参数相符。实验结果表明:近红外谱段镜面反射光谱特征可用于多层结构的空间碎片材质的厚度、折射率等工艺特性反演,该方法可为卫星材质精细辨识提供新的研究思路。     

航天器反应式碎片规避动作规划方法

提出一种航天器反应式碎片规避动作规划方法，首先以扰动流体动态系统(IFDS)算法作为动作规划的基础算法，通过其中的总和扰动矩阵对航天器的轨道速度矢量进行修正，实现轨道机动规避；然后，建立基于双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3)深度强化学习算法的反应式动作规划方法，通过TD3在线优化IFDS规划参数，实现对碎片群的“状态-动作”最优、快速规避决策。在此基础上，将优先级经验回放和渐进式学习策略引入该方法中，提升训练效率。最后，仿真结果表明，所提方法可使航天器安全规避多发、突发、动态且形状各异的空间碎片群，且具有较好的实时性。     

Exploring the effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on urban cooling: A tale of three cities

COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on our society, environment and public health, in both positive and negative ways. The main aim of this study is to monitor the effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on urban cooling. To do so, satellite images of Landsat 8 for Milan and Rome in Italy, and Wuhan in China were used to look at pre-lockdown and during the lockdown. First, the surface biophysical characteristics for the pre-lockdown and within-lockdown dates of COVID-19 were calculated. Then, the land surface temperature (LST) retrieved from Landsat thermal data was normalized based on cold pixels LST and statistical parameters of normalized LST (NLST) were calculated. Thereafter, the correlation coefficient (r) between the NLST and index-based built-up index (IBI) was estimated. Finally, the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) of different cities on the lockdown and pre-lockdown periods was compared with each other. The mean NLST of built-up lands in Milan (from 7.71 °C to 2.32 °C), Rome (from 5.05 °C to 3.54 °C) and Wuhan (from 3.57 °C to 1.77 °C) decreased during the lockdown dates compared to pre-lockdown dates. The r (absolute value) between NLST and IBI for Milan, Rome and Wuhan decreased from 0.43, 0.41 and 0.16 in the pre-lockdown dates to 0.25, 0.24, and 0.12 during lockdown dates respectively, which shows a large decrease for all cities. Analysis of SUHI for these cities showed that SUHII during the lockdown dates compared to pre-lockdown dates decreased by 0.89 °C, 1.78 °C, and 1.07 °C respectively. The results indicated a high and substantial impact of anthropogenic activities and anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) on the SUHI due to the substantial reduction of huge anthropogenic pressure in cities. Our conclusions draw attention to the contribution of COVID-19 lockdowns (reducing the anthropogenic activities) to creating cooler cities.     

遥感卫星多路数据传输系统同频共用方法

为节省频率资源，遥感卫星通常采用扩频体制实现多路数据的同频共用传输，针对通道间容易引起相互干扰的问题进行了研究，通过改进码分多址干扰估算模型，对采用平衡Gold码序列扩频系统抗干扰容限上界进行预测。在满足国际电信联盟（ITU）对卫星辐射功率通量密度约束条件下，提出了一种基于直接序列扩频体制的两路业务数据同频共用传输方法。仿真结果表明：当载波频率2GHz左右，两路辐射源的EIRP之差不大于8～15dBw时可以实现同频共用传输；如对信号扩频带宽进行差异化处理，则其相互兼容性还可进一步提高。     

基于视惯融合的大型空间碎片质心位置辨识

大型自由翻滚碎片的质心是在轨操作基坐标系下的不动点，也是碎片连体基下动力学参数向卫星坐标系转换的基准，对其精确识别是提高碎片动力学参数辨识精度的关键。提出基于惯性单元测量数据与双目视觉定位数据融合的大型空间碎片质心位置识别方法。基于无力矩欧拉方程，获取附着到空间碎片表面的惯性单元间转换关系，利用该转换关系对惯性单元冗余测量数据优化，再优化求解惯性单元到质心点距离；利用双目视觉获取惯性单元上标记点动态坐标，再利用惯性单元到质心点距离，基于三点定位原理识别大型空间碎片的质心位置。以加入高斯白噪声的惯性单元与双目视觉测量数据进行仿真，结果表明优化解算后惯性单元实时测量数据的误差降低到1%以下，解算的质心位置三轴误差小于0.47mm；开展了地面试验，结果表明，解算的质心位置三轴误差小于0.49mm。仿真和试验证明，该方法能够为大型空间碎片的消旋、捕获任务提供准确的数据基准。     

陶瓷基复合材料旋转爆震燃烧室壁面冷却研究

为了降低旋转爆震发动机燃烧室壁面温度，设计了陶瓷基复合材料燃烧室主动冷却结构。对燃烧室主动冷却结构的传热特性进行数值模拟，获得主动冷却燃烧室壁面温度响应和温度分布规律。对燃烧室主动冷却结构进行了模型简化，将模拟旋转爆震波获得的不同壁面温度下的热流密度参数加载在冷却模型上，提高了壁面温度模拟的计算效率。结果表明：燃烧室内壁面热流密度随着壁面温度的升高而降低，扩散区的平均热流密度最大；陶瓷基复合材料燃烧室主动冷却结构可以有效降低燃烧室壁面温度，在相同冷却流量下，矩形冷却截面的冷却效果优于圆形冷却截面，可以将燃烧室壁面的温度降到1 200 K以下；燃烧室壁面最高温度在燃烧室中段区域。