Ionic Charge States of Solar Energetic Particles: A Clue to the Source

The ionic charge of solar energetic particles (SEP) as observed in interplanetary space is an important parameter for the diagnostic of the plasma conditions at the source region and provides fundamental information about the acceleration and propagation processes at the Sun and in interplanetary space. In this paper we review the new measurements of ionic charge states with advanced instrumentation onboard the SAMPEX, SOHO, and ACE spacecraft that provide for the first time ionic charge measurements over the wide energy range of ∼0.01 to 70 MeV/nuc (for Fe), and for many individual SEP events. These new measurements show a strong energy dependence of the mean ionic charge of heavy ions, most pronounced for iron, indicating that the previous interpretation of the mean ionic charge being solely related to the ambient plasma temperature was too simplistic. This energy dependence, in combination with models on acceleration, charge stripping, and solar and interplanetary propagation, provides constraints for the temperature, density, and acceleration time scales in the acceleration region. The comparison of the measurements with model calculations shows that for impulsive events with a large increase of Q _Fe(E) at energies ≤1 MeV/nuc the acceleration occurs low in the corona, typically at altitudes ≤0.2 R _S .     

Solar Energetic Particle Events: Phenomenology and Prediction

Space Science Reviews - Solar energetic particle events can cause major disruptions to the operation of spacecraft in earth orbit and outside the earth's magnetosphere and have to be considered...     

Cone model-based SEP event calculations for applications to multipoint observations

The problem of modeling solar energetic particle (SEP) events is important to both space weather research and forecasting, and yet it has seen relatively little progress. Most important SEP events are associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that drive coronal and interplanetary shocks. These shocks can continuously produce accelerated particles from the ambient medium to well beyond 1 AU. This paper describes an effort to model real SEP events using a Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling (CISM) MHD solar wind simulation including a cone model of CMEs to initiate the related shocks. In addition to providing observation-inspired shock geometry and characteristics, this MHD simulation describes the time-dependent observer field line connections to the shock source. As a first approximation, we assume a shock jump-parameterized source strength and spectrum, and that scatter-free transport occurs outside of the shock source, thus emphasizing the role the shock evolution plays in determining the modeled SEP event profile. Three halo CME events on May 12, 1997, November 4, 1997 and December 13, 2006 are used to test the modeling approach. While challenges arise in the identification and characterization of the shocks in the MHD model results, this approach illustrates the importance to SEP event modeling of globally simulating the underlying heliospheric event. The results also suggest the potential utility of such a model for forcasting and for interpretation of separated multipoint measurements such as those expected from the STEREO mission.     

Modeling the solar cosmic ray event of 13 December 2006 using ground level neutron monitor data

In order to understand the physics under extreme solar conditions such as those producing ground level enhancements of solar cosmic rays, it is important to use accurate and reliable models. The NM-BANGLE Model is a new cosmic ray model which couples primary solar cosmic rays at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere with the secondary ones detected at ground level by neutron monitors during GLEs. This model calculates the evolution of several GLE parameters such as the solar cosmic ray spectrum, anisotropy and particle flux distribution, revealing crucial information on the energetic particle propagation and distribution. The total output of the NM-BANGLE Model is a multi-dimensional GLE picture that gives an important contribution to revealing the characteristics of solar energetic particle events recorded at ground level. In this work, the results of the NM-BANGLE Model application to the recent GLE of 13 December 2006 are presented and discussed. Moreover, a comparison with the extreme event of 20 January 2005 (GLE69) has been realized.     

充填俄制网状聚氨酯泡沫燃油箱的燃油冲刷静电实验研究

俄制战斗机燃油箱中广泛充填开孔弹性聚氨酯泡沫，在飞机加油过程中泡沫与燃油冲击摩擦会产生静电并可能发生静电荷的积聚，使燃油带上高电压值静电，因此有可能发生静电火花放电，威胁飞机安全。为此参照美军标MIL—F-87260中的静电燃油冲刷实验，对俄制网状聚氨酯泡沫材料的静电特性进行了初步探讨，并提出了相关意见。     

水性聚氨酯乳液的制备及其包覆RDX的研究

为提高复合固体推进剂(NEPE)的性能，采用乳液聚合一破乳的方法，用水性聚氨酯(WPU)乳液对固体填料黑索今(RDX)进行包覆。FTIR，GPC表征了WPU的结构特征；正交实验确定了最佳包覆条件：1．00g的RDX，破乳剂用量占乳液用量的1／4，反应时间为20min，反应温度40℃。通过SEM，XPS和包覆层质量百分数对包覆后的RDX进行表征。结果表明：WPU包覆后的RDX表面有清晰包覆层，包覆度R为65．15％；WPU包覆层的质量百分数为1．48％。撞击感度实验表明包覆后RDX的特性落高h50为45．3cm，比包覆前提高了19cm。实验证明：水性聚氨酯乳液聚合一破乳方法包覆RDX，能够显著提高RDX的钝感性能。     

Evidence for a Two-Stage Acceleration Process in Large Solar Energetic Particle Events

Using high-resolution mass spectrometers on board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), we surveyed the event-averaged ∼0.1–60 MeV/nuc heavy ion elemental composition in 64 large solar energetic particle (LSEP) events of cycle 23. Our results show the following: (1) The Fe/O ratio decreases with increasing energy up to ∼10 MeV/nuc in ∼92% of the events and up to ∼60 MeV/nuc in ∼64% of the events. (2) The rare isotope ³He is greatly enhanced over the corona or the solar wind values in 46% of the events. (3) The heavy ion abundances are not systematically organized by the ion’s M/Q ratio when compared with the solar wind values. (4) Heavy ion abundances from C–Fe exhibit systematic M/Q-dependent enhancements that are remarkably similar to those seen in ³He-rich SEP events and CME-driven interplanetary (IP) shock events. Taken together, these results confirm the role of shocks in energizing particles up to ∼60 MeV/nuc in the majority of large SEP events of cycle 23, but also show that the seed population is not dominated by ions originating from the ambient corona or the thermal solar wind, as previously believed. Rather, it appears that the source material for CME-associated large SEP events originates predominantly from a suprathermal population with a heavy ion enrichment pattern that is organized according to the ion’s mass-per-charge ratio. These new results indicate that current LSEP models must include the routine production of this dynamic suprathermal seed population as a critical pre-cursor to the CME shock acceleration process.     

Particle Acceleration by the Sun: Electrons, Hard X-rays/Gamma-rays

Observations of hard X-ray (HXR)/γ-ray continuum and γ-ray lines produced by energetic electrons and ions, respectively, colliding with the solar atmosphere, have shown that large solar flares can accelerate ions up to many GeV and electrons up to hundreds of MeV. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are observed by spacecraft near 1 AU and by ground-based instrumentation to extend up to similar energies, but it appears that a different acceleration process, one associated with fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) is responsible. Much weaker SEP events are observed that are generally rich in electrons, ³He, and heavy elements. The energetic particles in these events appear to be similar to those accelerated in flares. The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) mission provides high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging of flare HXRs and γ-rays. The observations of the location, energy spectra, and composition of the flare accelerated energetic particles at the Sun strongly imply that the acceleration is closely related to the magnetic reconnection that releases the energy in solar flares. Here preliminary comparisons of the RHESSI observations with observations of both energetic electrons and ions near 1 AU are reviewed, and the implications for the particle acceleration and escape processes are discussed.     

聚氨酯基柔性磨具的研制

聚氨酯基柔性磨具具有三维柔软性，能应用于抛光各种复杂异型面。本文研究了其制造工艺和制造过程中的化学平衡理论，并成功地在实验室生产出该种磨具。同时也研究了其抛光机理。并且通过大量的实验获得最佳工艺参数，为其进一步推广和应用提供了实验基础     

两种增强泡沫塑料静动态力学性能的比较

通过静、动态压缩实验对两种增强聚氨酯泡沫塑料的压缩力学性能进行了研究，分析了两种材料应力－应变曲线的特点，并比较它们的应变率敏感性和动态加载时的能量吸收特性，实验结果表明：玻璃纤维束增强聚氨酯泡沫塑料具有不同于单丝玻璃纤维增强泡沫塑料的力学性能和变形破坏机制，单丝玻璃纤维增强泡沫塑料具有较好的增强效果。