Simulation Techniques for Cosmological Simulations

Modern cosmological observations allow us to study in great detail the evolution and history of the large scale structure hierarchy. The fundamental problem of accurate constraints on the cosmological parameters, within a given cosmological model, requires precise modelling of the observed structure. In this paper we briefly review the current most effective techniques of large scale structure simulations, emphasising both their advantages and shortcomings. Starting with basics of the direct N-body simulations appropriate to modelling cold dark matter evolution, we then discuss the direct-sum technique GRAPE, particle-mesh (PM) and hybrid methods, combining the PM and the tree algorithms. Simulations of baryonic matter in the Universe often use hydrodynamic codes based on both particle methods that discretise mass, and grid-based methods. We briefly describe Eulerian grid methods, and also some variants of Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods.     

UDu~T分解滤波算法及其应用

本文介绍UDU~T 分解滤波算法;用工程师容易理解的方法重新推导时间修正和量测修正滤波公式,并给出标准通用的UDU~T 分解滤波子程序。本算法子程序已实际用于工程估计器中。本算法具有高的数字稳定性。作为UDU~T 分解滤波算法理论和工程应用之间桥梁的本通用标准子程序具有良好性能,使用方便,极易推广应用。     

New evidence for strong non-thermal effects in Tycho’s supernova remnant

For the case of Tycho’s supernova remnant (SNR), we present the relation between the blast wave and contact discontinuity radii calculated within the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is demonstrated that these radii are confirmed by recently published Chandra measurements which show that the observed contact discontinuity radius is very close to the shock radius. Therefore a consistent explanation of these observations can be given in terms of efficient CR acceleration which makes the medium more compressible.     

混凝土靶侵彻计算的半经验法

在球形空腔膨胀理论基础上,通过不同强度混凝土材料的侵彻实验数据直接识别建立混凝土材料综合动态强度参数psd与混凝土材料无侧限压缩强度σ-b的经验关系式;从应力波表层损伤理论分析了混凝土表层“开坑区”的侵彻特性,提出“简化等效阻力线”的计算方法;指出球形空腔膨胀理论的阻力算式中取动阻力项系数B=1.5的合理性。理论分析和侵彻实验表明:本文方法适用于小弹侵彻混凝土靶、大弹侵彻混凝土靶和以混凝土材料为面层的部分多层复合靶的侵彻计算,克服了Forrestal半经验法的不足。     

金融服务滞后产业发展的成因及对策——以航空业为例

分析了在战略产业发展过程中金融业服务滞后的各种表现，从战略产业经济结构调整本身、风险约束和金融宏观政策传导三个方面剖析了金融服务滞后的原因。以民用航空制造业的发展为例，用博弈论对金融在支持战略产业发展过程中的两难状况作了理论和实证分析，提出金融支持战略产业的发展是金融发展的最优选择的观点。最后从金融体系、资金投入和金融服务等方面提出相应的对策建议。     

Non-Thermal Processes in Cosmological Simulations

Non-thermal components are key ingredients for understanding clusters of galaxies. In the hierarchical model of structure formation, shocks and large-scale turbulence are unavoidable in the cluster formation processes. Understanding the amplification and evolution of the magnetic field in galaxy clusters is necessary for modelling both the heat transport and the dissipative processes in the hot intra-cluster plasma. The acceleration, transport and interactions of non-thermal energetic particles are essential for modelling the observed emissions. Therefore, the inclusion of the non-thermal components will be mandatory for simulating accurately the global dynamical processes in clusters. In this review, we summarise the results obtained with the simulations of the formation of galaxy clusters which address the issues of shocks, magnetic field, cosmic ray particles and turbulence.     

一种新型并联微动机器人运动学分析

提出了一种新型的少自由度微动并联机器人,利用螺旋理论对于微动并联机器人的自由度进行分析,得到机构正常运动时所需要的驱动个数。利用矢量方法得到微动并联机器人的运动学反解。基于雅可比矩阵的可逆性,研究了微动机器人的奇异问题,从而确定该微动并联机器人的输入和输出之间的关系。     

水凝物对THz波辐射的衰减研究

文章基于水凝物粒子尺寸与THz波长的大小关系,分别利用Rayleigh近似、Mie理论以及几何光学方法计算了降雨和云雾引起THz波辐射的散射衰减。比较了不同强度的降雨和不同能见度、含水量的云雾对THz波的散射衰减。结果表明,随着频率的增大,THz波段雨衰减先增大后减小;在整个THz波段,含水量较小或能见度较低的云雾的衰减随频率的增大而单调增加,含水量较大或能见度较大的云雾的衰减随频率先增大后减小;在THz波段云雾衰减随能见度的减小和含水量的增加而增大,温度对THz波段的云雾衰减影响不大,在整个THz波段并不存在明显的规律。在THz波频率高端云雾影响较降雨要严重的多。     

基于模糊机会约束规划的机会阵雷达方向图综合

针对机会阵雷达方向图综合的不确定问题,提出了一种基于模糊机会约束规划的方向图综合规划模型。该模型基于可信性理论,综合考虑天线单元分布的随机性以及激励状态的不确定性,将参与方向图综合时激励打开的天线数目看做一个梯形模糊变量,用以描述综合时的复杂不确定环境。随后,将规划模型转化为清晰等价形式,再结合遗传算法和灰关联综合评价法则设计了一种混合智能优化算法,用于求解该模型。以一维任意非均匀线阵为例,对主瓣宽度和最大副瓣电平进行了优化。仿真表明:优化后结果的可信性高于置信水平,验证了该算法的有效性。