Applications of tuned mass dampers to improve performance of large space mirrors

In order for future imaging spacecraft to meet higher resolution imaging capability, it will be necessary to build large space telescopes with primary mirror diameters that range from 10 m to 20 m and do so with nanometer surface accuracy. Due to launch vehicle mass and volume constraints, these mirrors have to be deployable and lightweight, such as segmented mirrors using active optics to correct mirror surfaces with closed loop control. As a part of this work, system identification tests revealed that dynamic disturbances inherent in a laboratory environment are significant enough to degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Research was performed at the Naval Postgraduate School to identify the vibration modes most affecting the optical performance and evaluate different techniques to increase damping of those modes. Based on this work, tuned mass dampers (TMDs) were selected because of their simplicity in implementation and effectiveness in targeting specific modes. The selected damping mechanism was an eddy current damper where the damping and frequency of the damper could be easily changed. System identification of segments was performed to derive TMD specifications. Several configurations of the damper were evaluated, including the number and placement of TMDs, damping constant, and targeted structural modes. The final configuration consisted of two dampers located at the edge of each segment and resulted in 80% reduction in vibrations. The WFE for the system without dampers was 1.5 waves, with one TMD the WFE was 0.9 waves, and with two TMDs the WFE was 0.25 waves. This paper provides details of some of the work done in this area and includes theoretical predictions for optimum damping which were experimentally verified on a large aperture segmented system.     

Effects of uncertainties and flexible dynamic contributions on the control of a spacecraft full-coupled model

One of the most important problems for performing a good design of the spacecraft attitude control law is connected to its robustness when some uncertainty parameters are present on the inertial and/or on the elastic characteristics of a satellite. These uncertainties are generally intrinsic on the modeling of complex structures and in the case of large flexible structures they can be also attributed to secondary effects associated to the elasticity. One of the most interesting issues in modeling large flexible space structures is associated to the evaluation of the inertia tensor which in general depends not only on the geometric ‘fixed’ characteristic of the satellite but also on its elastic displacements which of course in turn modify the ‘shape’ of the satellite. Usually these terms can be considered of a second order of magnitude if compared with the ones associated to the rigid part of a structure. However the increasing demand on the dimension of satellites due to the presence for instance of very large solar arrays (necessary to generate power) and/or large antennas has the necessity to investigate their effects on their global dynamic behavior in more details as a consequence. In the present paper a methodology based on classical Lagrangian approach coupled with a standard Finite Element tool has been used to derive the full dynamic equations of an orbiting flexible satellite under the actions of gravity, gravity gradient forces and attitude control. A particular attention has been paid to the study of the effects of flexibility on the inertial terms of the spacecraft which, as well known, influence its attitude dynamic behavior. Furthermore the effects of the attitude control authority and its robustness to the uncertainties on inertial and elastic parameters has been investigated and discussed.     

铰链对含铰结构非线性动力学特性影响分析

针对可展结构中铰链带来的展开后非线性动力学问题,建立了含铰结构的动力学模型。基于铰链侧向和径向的几何约束关系,分析了不同约束条件下的铰链非线性特性。基于谐波平衡法（HBM）,对含铰结构的非线性变量进行一次谐波展开,得到铰链非线性力的谐波展开表达式,将含铰可展结构的非线性动力学方程转化为代数方程。分析了铰链在不同非线性特性下各参数对结构动态特性的影响,得到结构固有频率随铰链间隙、刚度和激振力的变化规律。考虑铰链的非线性特性,通过固有频率脊线求解,得到结构固有频率极值随铰链数量、位置和刚度的变化曲面,并对其进行非线性拟合,得到铰链参数对结构固有频率的影响函数,其计算方法和结果在多维复杂结构中具有一定的扩展性,为可展结构的设计和研究提供参考。利用龙格库塔法对非线性结构进行数值仿真,得到结构的固有频率变化曲线,仿真结果表明了利用HBM进行含铰结构动力学分析的正确性。     

在役钢结构概率安全评定方法

针对大型在役钢结构的安全评定问题,综合利用第二水平法和Monte Carlo法,提出了静载和疲劳条件下概率安全评定的方法;并利用三阶段腐蚀规律对海洋气候腐蚀条件下概率安全评定过程进行了修正.以青岛港装船机主梁和翻车机端环为例进行了实际结构的安全评定分析计算,分别得出了这些结构中一些缺陷的确定性和概率安全评定结果.2种评定结果是大体上是相近的,但也存在一些不同.通过对这些确定性和概率安全评定结果的对比分析,得到了确定性和概率性安全评定方法的初步关系式-近似为单对数线性关系,此结论为概率安全评定方法的工程化奠定了基础.     

基于红外传感器智能车的设计与实现

目的结合飞思卡尔全国智能车大赛,介绍一种基于红外反射式光电传感器路径识别的智能车控制系统;方法利用10路红外光电传感器构成光电传感器阵列采集路面信息,采用霍尔式速度传感器采集小车速度信息;结果单片机获得路径信息和车速信息后,用以控制智能车的舵机转向,同时对电机进行调速,实现智能车沿着既定的跑道自主运行;结论试验证明,系统能够较好地满足智能车对路径识别和稳定性的要求,具备一定的抗干扰能力,能够快速平稳地自动寻迹行驶。     

碳／碳复合材料薄壁结构在热声载荷作用下的动态响应

高速飞行器中大量使用复合材料薄壁结构,高温和强噪声联合作用的工作环境使复合材料薄壁结构表现出强非线性振动响应特性和复杂的运动形式。以四边固支碳／碳（C／C）复合材料薄壁结构为研究对象,采用有限元法计算了其在不同温度和声压级（SPL）组合下的振动响应。得到了典型的振动响应运动形式,包括屈曲前的随机振动、屈曲后的跳变运动和围绕一个平衡位置的随机振动。结合振动响应的概率密度、功率谱密度,随着温度和声压级的变化,对振动响应的非线性特性进行了分析。结果表明,热载荷和声载荷对响应非线性特性的影响方式不同,强噪声载荷引起的问歇跳变降低了结构的刚度。     

X-cor夹层结构的平拉性能

研究了Pin植入角、Pin直径和Pin材料对X-cor夹层结构平拉强度及平拉模量的影响。平拉性能试样采用Rohacell 31泡沫作为芯材,Pin采用不同直径的T300/FW-63和SC-240/FW-63拉挤细杆。结果表明,X-cor夹层结构平拉强度增强效率随着植入角度的增加先增大、后减小,平拉模量的增强效率则随植入角的增加而减小;随Pin直径减小,平拉强度增强效率增加,平拉模量增强效率降低;不同Pin材料对X-cor夹层结构平拉强度增强效率相同,高模量的Pin对X-cor夹层结构平拉模量的增强效率更高。     

不同尾翼灵巧子弹气动特性实验研究

从无伞灵巧子弹稳态扫描的必要条件出发,设计了轴向折叠和径向折叠两种尾翼类型的子弹气动外形。设计了模型和实验装置,进行了小迎角低速风洞实验。获得了模型在固定和旋转条件下的气动力数据,测量了模型在气动力作用下的转速,对模型的稳定性进行了分析。实验结果表明：模型采用轴向折叠尾翼,能够设计足够有效的迎风面积和增阻效果良好的翼面形状,维持较为稳定的转速,具有良好的旋转稳定性;采用径向折叠尾翼的模型,增阻效果不明显,稳定旋转能力较差。实验结果为无伞灵巧子弹的设计提供了重要参考。     

小冲击间距下带倾角冲击凹柱面流场结构实验研究

针对带倾角冲击凹柱面靶板的流动特性和流场结构研究,采用烟线法开展了流场显现实验研究,重点分析了旋流产生和发展的规律。试验中通过改变冲击雷诺数、冲击间距比(冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比)、冲击角度以及凹柱面相对曲率等参数,分析了涡出现的位置、结构等随这些参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:由于冲击射流同周围静止空气之间的粘性作用、气体在凹柱面上运动、脱离的共同作用下,带倾角冲击凹柱面靶板产生了不同的旋流结构。实验中,随冲击雷诺数的增加,在冲击滞止区域两侧流体冲击靶板分离处的圆心角增大,分离推迟;由于冲击角度的影响,相对冲击角度较小侧射流与壁面分离比在较大侧提前,且在相对冲击角度较小侧更容易产生旋流结构。实验中改变的参数均影响了旋流结构及其发展特性,并且影响规律表现出较强的关联性。