Deterministic pion and muon transport in Earth’s atmosphere

An accurate understanding of the physical interactions and transport of space radiation is important for safe and efficient space operations. Secondary particles produced by primary particle interactions with intervening materials are an important contribution to radiation risk. Pions are copiously produced in the nuclear interactions typical of space radiations and can therefore be an important contribution to radiation exposure. Charged pions decay almost exclusively to muons. As a consequence, muons must also be considered in space radiation exposure studies. In this work, the NASA space radiation transport code HZETRN has been extended to include the transport of charged pions and muons. The relevant transport equation, solution method, and implemented cross sections are reviewed. Muon production in the Earth’s upper atmosphere is then investigated, and comparisons with recent balloon flight measurements of differential muon flux are presented. Muon production from the updated version of HZETRN is found to match the experimental data well.     

Hard X-ray continuum from lunar surface: Results from High Energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) onboard Chandrayaan-1

The High Energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) on Chandrayaan-1 was designed to study the photon emission in the range of 30–270 keV from naturally occurring radioactive decay of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th series nuclides from the lunar surface. The primary objective of HEX was to study the transport of volatiles on the lunar surface using radon as a tracer and mapping the 46.5 keV line from ²¹⁰Pb, a decay product of ²²²Rn. HEX was tested for two days during the commissioning phase of Chandrayaan-1 and performance of all sub systems was found to be as expected. HEX started collecting science data during the first non-prime imaging season (February–April, 2009) of Chandrayaan-1. Certain anomalies persisted in this data set and the early curtailment of Chandrayaan-1 mission in August, 2009, did not allow any further operation of HEX. Despite these issues, HEX provided the first data set for 30–270 keV continuum emission, averaged over a significant portion of the lunar surface, including the polar region.     

Effect of longitudinal lift distribution on sonic boom of a canard-wing-stabilator-body configuration

After the last flight of the Concorde in 2003, sonic boom has been one of the obstacles to the return of a supersonic transport aircraft to service. To reduce the sonic boom intensity to an acceptable level, it is of great significance to study the effect of lift distribution on far-field sonic boom, since lift is one of the most important contributors to an intense sonic boom. Existing studies on the longitudinal lift distribution used low-fidelity methods, such as Whitham theory, and in turn,o...     

A three-equation transition model with mechanical considerations

A three-equation transition model based on the transition V-model is proposed for subsonic flows in this study. Considering the mechanical approximation of the generation process of the pre-transitional vorticities, the value of laminar Reynolds shear stress related to the mean shear deformation was calculated in the original transition V-model. Then a new transition model, named V-SA model, was proposed, which considered the phenomenological process of transition and presented great results for flows with and without pressure gradient. It is well-known that the baseline Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model shows excellent performance of accuracy and robustness in plentiful flow cases, but it is important to predict boundary layer transition. The current model (V-SST) successfully couples the V-model to the SST turbulence model by introducing the effective turbulent viscosity and additional correction terms into the transport equations. A thorough evaluation of its ability to predict transition features is performed versus the well-documented flat plate of ERCOFTAC, including T3A and T3B without pressure gradient, T3L2 and T3L3 with semi-circular leading edge, the three-dimensional 6:1 prolate-spheroid under two angles of attack, and the NLR-7301 airfoil under different Mach numbers. Numerical results show that the current model has an attractive and superior performance in the simulation of boundary layer transition processes     

单气泡上浮运动的层析PIV实验研究

为了揭示上浮过程中的尾流涡结构及其与气泡之间的相互作用，分别采用阴影图像法和层析PIV技术，对单个气泡在静止水中自由Z字型上浮的过程进行了实验研究，得到气泡的形状、运动和三维的尾流速度场。采用"λ" _"ci" 涡判据和有限时间李雅普诺夫指数（Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent，FTLE），从速度场识别出三维的尾流涡结构和二维的拉格朗日拟序结构。结果表明，Z字型上浮过程中，气泡周围环绕有涡环，涡环会沿运动路径脱落交替的、方向相反的发卡涡；单个发卡涡脱落过程中，涡环一侧的FTLE脊线会闭合形成拉格朗日涡。由此可得到结论，发卡涡的周期性脱落，使涡环相对于气泡的对称性被周期性交替破坏，导致气泡形成Z字型周期运动；单个发卡涡脱落过程中，涡环两侧各自对发卡涡的流体输运存在显著差异。     

Far-field sonic boom prediction considering atmospheric turbulence effects: An improved approach

Accurate prediction of sonic boom is one of key challenges for the design of a low-boom supersonic aircraft. For most of available far-field prediction methods, the effect of atmospheric turbulence appearing in the planetary boundary layer cannot be considered, which results in remarkable inaccuracy of predicting ground-level sonic boom waveform. Although some efforts have been made to overcome the shortcoming, the turbulence effects are not yet well described so far. This article proposes an improved method by extending the two-dimensional Heterogeneous One-Way Approximation for the Resolution of Diffraction (HOWARD) equation to account for the axial and transverse convections of wind fluctuation as well as the effect of temperature fluctuation. The proposed method is validated by comparing the predictions with the flight-test data of JAXA D-SEND#1 LBM, which shows that the result of the proposed method is in better agreement with the flight-test data than that of the method without considering atmospheric turbulence effects. Then, distortion mechanism of sonic boom waveforms caused by atmospheric turbulence is analyzed by using the proposed method. It is indicated that the effect of turbulent convection makes uniform sonic-boom wavefronts irregular, which creates the condition of diffraction effect to perturb waveforms. Finally, the proposed method is applied to investigate the behavior of two types of waveforms given by the sonic boom minimization theory. Results show that a far-field waveform with a weaker initial shock is more beneficial for low-boom design of a supersonic aircraft.     

军用运输机运力评估模型及影响因素研究

军用运输机在完成战略投送和战术运输任务中起着至关重要的作用。本文在借鉴国外运输机运力分析方法的基础上,提出了一种包括单机单航次和多机多航次最大运力的计算模型,并对国外几种典型的军用运输机进行计算分析。然后分析了影响运力的主要因素,包括:载重、航程、出动架次率、使用可用度、任务成功概率、机场条件限制和环境适应能力等。研究结论表明:此运力模型和因素分析正确,可为我国军用运输机的运力评估工作提供依据。     

航空发动机0Cr18Ni9 不锈钢导管数控弯曲回弹规律

为了有效地解决航空发动机导管弯曲成形时的回弹问题，开展了0Cr18Ni9不锈钢管数控弯曲工艺试验，采用单一变量 法研究了管径、壁厚、相对弯曲半径、弯曲角对回弹的影响规律，并通过数值仿真和正交试验法分析了弯曲速度、弯模间隙等工艺 参数，以及弹性模量、屈服强度、硬化指数对弯曲回弹角的影响。结果表明：回弹角与弯曲角呈显著的线性关系，当弯曲角在180° 以内时，回弹角为1.6°~6.0°；建立了回弹角预测线性方程，预测误差在[-0.425°，0.502°]内的概率为99.74%，并基于此方程开展了全 尺寸导管的回弹角预测和补偿工艺试验；在各工艺参数中弯曲速度和弯模间隙对回弹角的影响较大，可引起大于0.5°的偏差，而 因材料参数变化导致的回弹角变化不超过0.05°。