基于逆向射流抑制封严篦齿泄漏流动的数值及实验研究

针对一直通型篦齿通道进行了二维数值模拟，建立了9种封严结构模型，重点研究了位置和角度变化时逆向射流对篦齿内部流场的影响，探讨了不同模型下篦齿前后压比与泄漏系数的关系，发现各工况下的逆向射流在一定程度上都能够增强篦齿的封严效果，并且射流角度越小，密封性能越佳，射流位置在第一节齿腔中间时，抑制泄漏的效果最佳，当射流角为45°，射流位置在第一齿腔中间时，泄漏系数相对不带逆向射流时能够降低11.5%。在此基础上，进行了带逆向射流的二维直通型封严篦齿实验，在不同的压比下，用PIV分别测量了3种射流角度和3种射流位置下的篦齿通道内部流场，实验结果与数值计算变化规律一致。      

On the anthropogenic and natural injection of matter into Earth’s atmosphere

Every year, more and more objects are sent to space. The increasing number of countries with space programs, advancing commercialization, and ambitious satellite constellation projects raise concerns about space debris and the increase of mass flux into the atmosphere due to deorbiting of satellites and rocket bodies. A comparison of this anthropogenic influx to the natural influx due to meteoroids is presented giving detailed information about the mass, composition and ablation of the entering matter. Currently, anthropogenic material does make up about 2.8% compared to the annual injected mass of natural origin. For two different future scenarios considering planned and already partially installed large satellite constellations this fraction increases to nearly 13%, respectively 40%. For these cases, the anthropogenic injection of several metals prevails the injection by natural sources by far. Considering different ablation products, we find that the anthropogenic injection of aerosols into the atmosphere increases disproportionately. Today, they make up about 1% compared to the injected aerosol mass of natural origin, increasing to 30% and 94% for the two future scenarios, respectively. Considering the injection of atoms, the natural injection is dominant by far. For the two future scenarios, the anthropogenic injection is only at 5%, respectively 15% compared to the annual natural atom injection. The predicted strong increase in anthropogenic injection will make it significant in comparison to the natural injection which can have yet unknown effects on Earth’s atmosphere and the terrestrial habitat.     

高频电压注入法的频率因素对转子位置观测器的影响分析

研究了在运用高频电压注入法进行初始位置判断时,高频电压信号的频率对估算器的影响。介绍了高频电压注入法估算转子初始位置的原理,推导了满足估算收敛的最小注入频率。通过理论和试验研究了注入频率对转子位置观测器估算精度及速度的影响,提出了注入频率合适的选取范围。试验证明,合理的截止频率与合适的注入频率能有效地平衡位置观测器的估算速度及精度。     

钛合金EJM加工中超声辅助作用研究

本文致力于研究钛合金在应用超声辅助（UA）进行电解液喷射加工（EJM）时的表现。钛合金进行EJM加工时，工件表面易生成钝化层进而导致加工效率降低。本文分别对应用氯化钠（NaCl）电解液和硝酸钠（NaNO3）电解液的超声辅助钛合金EJM加工效果进行研究，通过分析比较常规EJM加工以及功率一定，频率分别为25,68,135kHz的三种超声辅助EJM加工所得钛合金样槽的表面氧化物百分比、深宽比、表面粗糙度和微观形貌，论证了UA在钛合金EJM加工中的具体作用，为改进钛合金EJM加工的质量与效率提供了新的思路与方法。     

Coupled fluid-thermal investigation on non-ablative thermal protection system with spiked body and opposing jet combined configuration

In this paper, a Non-Ablative Thermal Protection System(NATPS) with the spiked body and the opposing jet combined configuration is proposed to reduce the aerodynamic heating of the hypersonic vehicle, and the coupled fluid-thermal numerical analysis is performed to study the thermal control performance of the NATPS. The results show that the spiked body pushes the bow shock away from the protected structure and thus reduces the shock intensity and the wall heat flux. In addition, the low temperature gas of the opposing jet separates the high temperature gas behind the shock from the nose cone of the spiked body, ensuring the non-ablative property of the spiked body. Therefore, the NATPS reduces the aerodynamic heating by the reconfiguration of the flow field, and the thermal control efficiency of the system is better than the Thermal Protection System(TPS) with the single spiked body and the single opposing jet. The influencing factors of the NATPS are analyzed. Both increasing the length of the spiked body and reducing the total temperature of the opposing jet can improve the thermal control performance of the NATPS and the nonablative property of the spiked body. However, increasing the heat conductivity coefficient of the spiked body can enhance benefit the non-ablative property of the spiked body, but has little influence on the thermal control performance of the NATPS.     

低温磨料气射流加工装置的研制与实验验证

针对磨料气射流加工技术在常温下无法加工聚二甲基硅氧(Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)等聚合物材料的问题,提出了低温磨料气射流加工PDMS等聚合物材料的设想。设计了一套低温磨料气射流加工装置,通过改变浸没在液氮中的蛇形管长度,可以得到不同温度的低温磨料气射流。建立了蛇形管长度计算的数学模型,通过实验验证了该模型的可行性,为以后对低温磨料气射流加工进行更深入的研究奠定了基础。用不同温度的磨料气射流加工PDMS,发现常温下磨料气射流无法加工PDMS,而低温下可以进行加工。低温下加工PDMS可以提高孔的横截面质量,材料去除机理为塑性去除和脆性去除的结合。     

端壁吸/吹气对超声速压气机叶栅流场影响机理的对比研究

附面层吸/吹气是抑制流动分离、提高压气机叶片负荷的有效技术途径。针对超声速压气机叶栅内激波诱导的角区分离,分别采用多种不同的端壁吸/吹气方案对其进行流动控制,旨在探索端壁吸/吹气对激波干涉下角区分离的控制机理,并对比分析端壁吸/吹气对超声速压气机叶栅角区分离的控制效果。结果表明:在激波/端壁附面层干涉下,该超声速压气机叶栅内存在大范围的激波诱导角区分离,角区分离使得该超声速叶栅存在强三维效应,二维叶栅中的单正激波变为"斜激波+正激波"结构,叶中吸力面尾缘开式分离变为闭式分离;端壁吸气可有效抑制该超声速叶栅的角区分离,吸气后近端壁区损失系数大幅降低,最优端壁吸气缝方案的起始点与亚声速压气机叶栅相同,但端壁吸气后叶中的双激波结构变为单正激波结构,叶中流动分离增大;端壁吹气也可有效抑制角区分离,其控制效果略优于端壁吸气,其原因是吹气缝处的静压高于吸气缝,对激波的增强作用弱于端壁吸气;与端壁吸气方案不同的是,最优端壁吹气缝方案的起始点位于叶片前缘。     

导弹模型后体横向喷流干扰特性

通过在2m×2m超声速风洞开展横向喷流静态测力和油流显示试验，获取了来流马赫数为1.5~4.0、迎角为-8°~27°、喷流静压比为5~17.6及不同喷口位置等参数对横向喷流干扰的影响规律，结合数值模拟获取了模型表面极限流线和喷口附近干扰流场结构，进而研究了导弹模型强迫运动下的横向喷流干扰特性。结果表明:在模拟参数范围内，位于导弹模型后体的横向喷流均产生有利干扰；来流马赫数越大，干扰放大因子随迎角变化越剧烈，静压比升高导致干扰放大因子减小，“单独向上喷流”干扰程度大于“单独向下喷流”；强迫运动条件下基本气动特性和干扰均出现动态迟滞，干扰放大因子尤其在大迎角和下俯过程中明显偏离固定迎角值，表明模型运动对横向喷流干扰特性影响较大。      

辅助进气激励器强化喷流混合的数值模拟

对采用高动量的辅助进气激励器和“常规”激励器强化的高速、大尺度喷流混合进行了数值模拟研究。对比了辅助进气激励器和“常规”激励器吹气射流对流向涡、喷流拍动、阻塞面积的影响,分析了合成射流强化喷流混合的流动滞后现象。结果表明:合成射流强化喷流混合中的辅助进气激励器在吹气时间、吹气动量、峰值动量比方面要明显优于“常规”激励器。合成射流强化喷流混合由激励器迟滞和流场迟滞两部分组成。“常规”激励器和辅助进气激励器射流峰值动量都滞后于活塞峰值速度时刻19.5%，流场滞后峰值动量时刻5%左右。相比于“常规”激励器,采用辅助进气激励器的“小突片”堵塞面积较大,强化喷流混合的效果更好。      

单股自由圆射流撞壁雾化实验

利用直流撞击式喷注器组织燃烧的发动机推力室喉部材料耐温极限制约了发动机燃烧效率提升,一种新型高性能直流冷壁式喷注器可以解决这一问题,为了指导这种新型喷注器的设计,从射流撞击雾化实验出发,探索了圆射流撞壁雾化规律。采用高速摄影捕获溅射雾化场整体形态,利用收集法测量溅射雾化率,选用PDA和PIV分别测量溅射液滴粒径及速度矢量。研究结果表明:射流撞壁后存在溅射,溅射液滴局部呈现螺旋状,液滴粒径为几十微米量级,溅射雾化率随撞击距离的变化规律可分为4个典型阶段:初始段、发展段、稳定段、衰减段,湍流动能为溅射雾化率的决定因素。