基于Ansys Icepak 的负载器热设计与热分析

基于热设计的基础理论与负载器的工作原理，应用Ansys Icepak仿真软件对供配电负载器工作过程中内部散热情况进行仿真，找出负载器内部温度最高部位，指导实际测试，避免实际测试的盲目性。另外，通过优化负载器散热孔设计，降低负载器温升值。     

潜入式喷管喉衬界面间隙优化设计

为了解决固体火箭发动机潜入式喷管喉衬在热载荷与内压联合作用下界面间隙优化问题,数值模拟方法求解了喷管热结构响应。采用流体仿真软件,计算了潜入式喷管流动过程的稳态流场,获取了高温燃气流动参数与固体壁面对流换热系数。并采用三维有限元结构计算平台,编写了非均布壁面压力载荷与非均布对流换热系数子程序,求解了喉衬前后搭接界面间隙在0mm,0.05mm,0.10mm,0.15mm,0.20mm下喷管热结构耦合问题,获取了材料内部温度场与应力场分布。结果表明,喉衬环向压应力与拉应力都随时间增加,先增大后减小。其次,随间隙增大,喉衬拉应力先减小后增大,喉衬压应力先增大后减小。再次,依据界面闭合与喉衬环向受力最小的准则,确定了喉衬前后间隙的相对最优值,前间隙相对最优值0.10mm,后间隙相对最优值0.05mm。本文数值方法可为喷管热防护材料界面搭接与喉衬界面间隙设计提供指导,也可应用于评估喷管热防护与结构强度安全余量。     

供油瞬态喷油杆内燃油结焦机理及规律数值研究

为获得喷油杆通断循环供油工作模式下,供油瞬间燃油结焦速率陡增机理,本文建立起沿喷杆轴向的一维非稳态热-流-固耦合换热与燃油结焦计算模型。获得不同时刻壁温、油温与结焦速率等参数轴向分布。通过与连续供油模式下的结果进行对比,来分析供油瞬间灼热喷杆内壁对燃油热冲击的影响,以获得结焦速率陡增机理。结果表明通断供油模式下,供油瞬间会迅速形成一尖锐的油温和结焦前体浓度峰值,结焦固相表面反应被迅速激发,结焦速率陡增。在喷杆前端（x=100mm）与底部（x=260mm）附近各存在一结焦速率峰值区域。通断供油模式下,在x=100mm和x=260mm位置处,每个周期供油起始时刻结焦速率峰值分别在5000μg/cm2h和2000μg/cm2h左右,远大于连续供油下的值。但供油结束时刻,供油模式的影响大幅下降。此外通断供油下,供油瞬间热冲击对燃油结焦的影响沿喷杆轴向逐渐减小。减小喷杆供油流量,热冲击的影响有所下降,且随时间先升高后降低。提高进口油温,热冲击的影响显著减小,且随供油时间逐渐降低。     

蓄热式太阳能热光伏-热推进双模系统换热特性数值模拟研究

本文通过三维数值模拟研究蓄热式太阳能热光伏-热推进双模系统的蓄/释热特性和推进性能。在蓄热式太阳能热推进系统工程模型的基础上,通过射线光学的光路分析验证了聚光器设计的合理性,并获得吸热腔壁面能量分布情况,进一步研究了相变蓄热过程的影响因素。基于场协同原理对热光伏再生冷却结构进行了优化设计,使热光伏具有较好的散热特性,提高发电功率;通过整机流动换热仿真,分析了工质流体在推进器内部的换热情况,计算结果表明,蓄热式热推进器具有达到734s比冲和0.9N推力的推进性能,以及能够满足日蚀区微小卫星的供电和推力需求。     

高能合成煤油GN-1性能研究 --“液体火箭推进”专刊

结合火箭发动机工程应用环境,研究了GN-1煤油高温高压热物性、安全特性、传热结焦性能以及点火延迟性能,并和现役火箭煤油作了对比分析。采用商业仪器对GN-1煤油在最高200℃、最高压力25MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了实验测量。在实验数据的基础上,依据基团贡献法、基于比容平移法则的P-R方程、摩擦理论、广义对应态原理分别对GN-1煤油在最高350℃、最高压力60MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了理论计算,建立了GN-1煤油的密度方程、黏度方程、导热系数方程,并将方程的计算值与实验值进行了对比,计算偏差较小。对GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的安全性能进行对比研究,GN-1煤油的闪点为40℃,自燃温度为305℃,高于火箭煤油(225℃);燃点为47℃,低于火箭煤油(82℃),GN-1煤油的爆炸极限范围为0.44%-2.9%（40℃）。GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的急性经口毒性LD50＞5000mg/kg,均属于第五级化合物（实际无毒）。在入口压力10 MPa,流速10 m·s-1,内壁温480℃条件下,GN-1煤油的传热系数比火箭煤油提高14.4%,建立了传热准则方程。GN-1煤油出口油温220℃时试验段平均结焦速率是出口油温150℃时的4.43倍,GN-1煤油不锈钢材质管路中试验段平均结焦为高合管材质管路中的22.3%。在970K-1105K温度范围内,GN-1煤油的点火延迟时间为320μs-471μs,是火箭煤油的55.6%-69.3%。相关研究可对发动机可靠设计及应用提供重要参考。     

ZnO/SBA-15无机热控涂层填料及涂层性能

开展高紫外-可见-近红外反射能力热控填料的制备,研制新型低吸收比(α_S)高发射率(ε_H)无机热控涂层。以自制SBA-15和ZnO前驱体为原料通过溶剂热浸渍和高温煅烧法制备ZnO/SBA-15填料,然后与硅酸钾(K_2SiO_3)制备无机热控涂层;采用SAXD、XRD、SEM、太阳反射光谱分析填料和涂层的性能。结果显示采用硝酸锌作为前驱体、m(ZnO)∶m(SBA-15)=3∶7、950℃下烧结3 h可以得到高紫外-可见-近红外反射能力的填料;ZnO/SBA-15/K_2SiO_3无机涂层的α_S为0.09,ε_H为0.91,涂层结合力等级为1级,经过100次-196～100℃热循环实验后,涂层无脱落和开裂现象。SBA-15改性ZnO可以获得具有高紫外反射率和低α_S的热控填料,ZnO/SBA-15填料制备的无机热控涂层同样具备高紫外反射率、低α_S和高ε_H,可以满足航天器高效散热的需求,应用前景良好。     

Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle’s flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of “INVENT” to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang’e-3 and to be used in Chang’e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.     

含金属相变材料温控组件的研究

研究使用一种含有金属相变材料（Phase Change material,PCM）的温控组件（Thermal Control Component,TCC）对航天器上的有效载荷进行温度控制。通过对载荷的温控需求分析,设计并制备了以Ga-Sn合金为PCM的TCC,并通过地面模拟实验对TCC的温控性能进行测试。实验结果表明这种含有Ga-Sn合金的TCC满足载荷的温控需求。最后在仿真软件中建立了TCC的相变传热仿真模型用于预测TCC的温控性能。结果表明：仿真模型计算所得结果与实验结果基本一致,可用于预测TCC的温控性能。     

New trade tree for manned mars missions

Recent studies on human missions to Mars suggest revisiting the parameters that have the most important impact on the complexity, the initial mass in low Earth orbit, the risks and the development costs for the first journey to the red planet. In the last NASA reference mission, a trade tree is proposed.     

Determination of land surface temperature using precipitable water based Split-Window and Artificial Neural Network in Turkey

Land surface temperature (LST) calculation utilizing satellite thermal images is very difficult due to the great temporal variance of atmospheric water vapor in the atmosphere which strongly affects the thermal radiance incoming to satellite sensors. In this study, Split-Window (SW) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) methods were utilized for prediction of LST using precipitable water for Turkey. Coll 94 Split-Window algorithm was modified using regional precipitable water values estimated from upper-air Radiosond observations for the years 1990–2007 and Local Split-Window (LSW) algorithms were generated for the study area. Using local algorithms and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, monthly mean daily sum LST values were calculated. In RBF method latitude, longitude, altitude, surface emissivity, sun shine duration and precipitable water values were used as input variables of the structure. Correlation coefficients between estimated and measured LST values were obtained as 99.23% (for RBF) and 94.48% (for LSW) at 00:00 UTC and 92.77% (for RBF) and 89.98% (for LSW) at 12:00 UTC. These meaningful statistical results suggest that RBF and LSW methods could be used for LST calculation.