Four-month Moon and Mars crew water utilization study conducted at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station,Devon Island,Nunavut

A categorized water usage study was undertaken at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station on Devon Island, Nunavut in the High Canadian Arctic. This study was conducted as part of a long duration four-month Mars mission simulation during the summer of 2007. The study determined that the crew of seven averaged 82.07 L/day over the expedition (standard deviation 22.58 L/day). The study also incorporated a Mars Time Study phase which determined that an average of 12.12 L/sol of water was required for each crewmember. Drinking, food preparation, hand/face, oral, dish wash, clothes wash, shower, shaving, cleaning, engineering, science, plant growth and medical water were each individually monitored throughout the detailed study phases. It was determined that implementing the monitoring program itself resulted in an approximate water savings of 1.5 L/day per crewmember. The seven person crew averaged 202 distinct water draws a day (standard deviation 34) with high water use periods focusing around meal times. No statistically significant correlation was established between total water use and EVA or exercise duration. Study results suggest that current crew water utilization estimates for long duration planetary surface stays are more than two times greater than that required.     

Development of theoretical approaches to the control of a water-treatment system

The Advanced Life Support/NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training (ALS/NSCORT) focuses on research and development of technologies to support human habitation during space missions. This research was done as part of an effort to maintain crewmembers’ water supply in a closed life-support system. The water subsystem was the primary focus of this study because water is one of the most expensive and important resources for human survival.     

激励内涵的跨学科考察

人力资源管理的核心问题是员工积极性的调动，即激励管理，对激励本质的认识和理解决定了人力资源管理的基本前提和理论框架，本文围绕激励的内涵试图从不同学科的角度提示其本质特征。     

Radar detection of subsurface features on Mars

The structure of the pulse radar signal reflected from continuously changing layered Martian crust is investigated theoretically. As a simple model of stratigraphy, we considered one layer with electrodynamics’ parameters increasing or decreasing exponentially upon a depth laying on monolith base and covered by homogeneous layer. This exponential changing of electromagnetic properties of the layer is assumed due to exponential changing of porosity (or saturation) in the bedrocks with pores filled by seawater. The conditions of subsurface features resolution are obtained. It is shown that the sign and value for gradient of the electromagnetic properties change can be resolved from the reflection peaks trend. These results are important for subsurface detection of liquid water on Mars by orbit-based radars.     

基于模糊滑模的月球车驱动控制

研究了运行于自然环境、具有小滑移率及小失配角、六轮独立驱动的摇臂式月球车驱动控制问题。针对以月球车车轮滑移率、方向轮失配角为输人及以月球车车体平动速度、转动速度为输出的动力学方程，利用模糊滑模控制方法设计月球车车轮滑移率，方向轮失配角的控制律．实现月球车的跟踪控制，理论分析及仿真结果表明．基于模糊滑模的月球车动力学系统驱动控制方法是可行的，在实际应用中是有效的。     

月球探测技术--轨道设计和计算

分析了月球探测器的受力情况及其对轨道运动的影响。经简化和假设后 ,给出了探月轨道设计常用的各种力学模型和计算公式 ,并对其应用作了评述。最后介绍了奔月过程中工程上使用的 3种典型方案和各自的优缺点。     

太阳帆推进技术研究现状及其关键技术分析

详细阐述太阳帆推进技术作为深空探测的技术方面的应用优势、技术特征、工作原理,总结了国外对太阳帆推进技术研究的历史发展和研究现状,并对太阳帆推进的关键技术进行分析,在此基础上,提出了我国发展太阳帆相关推进技术的必要性、发展策略和途径。     

基于地球敏感器和加速度计的月球车自主定向算法研究

月球车定向是月球车导航的一个重要组成部分，它是月球车定位的基础和前提。针对这一问题，提出了一种适用于月球车长时间、长距离导航的绝对定向算法。该算法利用非线性最小二乘平差原理对CCD地球敏感器成像进行处理，实现了在月球表面CCD地球敏感器的矢量观测功能。结合加速度计的测角原理，实现了航向角确定。以理论分析和实际推算描述了该定向方法的具体实现过程，最后以仿真结果验证了该方案的可行性，为未来我国月球探测中月球车的实际应用提供了技术参考。     

中国空间探索的切入点——"地月日大系统研究"的观念

探讨了地月系统、地日系统,并在此基础上提出了"地月日大系统"的研究思路。将地、月、日三者关联起来,从系统的角度和多时空尺度研究地、月、日三者之间的内在关联和相互影响,从中找出未来空间探索的主题和科学研究的目标,同时还要围绕这一主题和目标,用系统、整体、历史的观点筹划未来空间活动的开展。     

Study on passive momentum exchange landing gear using two-dimensional analysis

This paper discusses a landing response control system based on the momentum exchange principle for planetary exploration spacecraft. In the past, landing gear systems with cantilever designs that incorporate honeycomb materials to dissipate shock energy through plastic deformation have been used, but once tested before launch, the system cannot be used in a real mission. The sky crane system used for the Mars Science Laboratory by NASA can achieve a safe and precise landing, but it is highly complex. This paper introduces a momentum exchange impact damper (MEID) that absorbs the controlled object׳s momentum with extra masses called damper masses. The MEID is reusable, which makes it easy to ensure the landing gear׳s reliability. In this system, only passive elements such as springs are needed. A single-axis (SA) model has already been used to verify the effectiveness of MEIDs through simulations and experiments measuring the rebound height of the spacecraft. However, the SA model cannot address the rotational motion and tipping of the spacecraft. This paper presents a two-landing-gear-system (TLGS) model in which multiple MEIDs are equipped for two-dimensional analysis. Unlike in the authors׳ previous studies, in this study each MEID is launched when the corresponding landing gear lands and the MEIDs do not contain active actuators. This mechanism can be used to realize advanced control specifications, and it is simply compared with previous mechanisms including actuators, in which all of the MEIDs are launched simultaneously. If each MEID works when the corresponding gear lands, the rebound height of each gear can be minimized, and tipping can be prevented, as demonstrated by the results of our simulations.