Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes and Global Electric Circuit

The electromagnetic coupling between the seismically activated area and the ionosphere is considered within the framework of the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) conception. First we consider the anomalous variations in the ionosphere associated with the earthquake preparation process, their temporal and spatial characteristics using the results from recent publications. Then the GEC conception is presented shortly with main accent put on ionization processes which play key role in the complex chain of physical and chemical interactions changing the electric properties of the planetary boundary layer of atmosphere. We treat this part of troposphere as an open complex system with dissipation where so called “blow up” processes are developed leading to sharp and fast changes of atmospheric parameters including the electric properties of the boundary layer. The new concept named Spatial Scintillation Index is introduced in the last part of the paper. In general, this paper may be considered as a short review of the recent achievements in understanding of the seismo-ionospheric coupling.     

保持颜色一致性的动态电磁环境绘制算法

针对电磁环境绘制的研究现状,提出了保持颜色一致性的动态电磁环境绘制算法。明确了绘制中的颜色一致性原则:同一数据值对应同一颜色,绘制图像序列中颜色变化与数据变化保持一致。在颜色一致性分析的基础上,对静态电磁环境的绘制方法进行了修改,使其能够在绘制动态电磁环境时保持颜色的一致性。必要时,颜色与数据值的对应关系可以交互调整或自动调整,以适应数据场的值域变化。实验表明,算法能够在保持颜色一致性的情况下绘制动态电磁环境,直观显示其变化情况,便于用户观察和理解。同时算法可并行执行,在统一计算设备架构下具有较高的执行效率,利于算法的使用。      

电控液压助力转向系统的初步匹配计算

电控液压助力转向系统(ECHPS)具有随车速调节的可变助力特性,可改善驾驶员的转向路感.通过对转向器转阀及ECHPS的分析,建立了转向器模型以及分流式ECHPS的模型,采用简化算式对转向器及分流式ECHPS操舵力特性曲线进行了分析.通过改变转阀的预开隙、转阀的坡口半径、转向器扭杆刚度及电磁阀阀芯节流口形状等参数,分析了ECHPS的影响参数.计算结果表明分流式ECHPS操舵力特性主要取决于转向器转阀的结构参数,并且和电磁阀阀芯开口有一定关系.      

Performance verification of Lunar Regolith Penetrating Array Radar of Chang’E-5 mission

Lunar Regolith Penetrating Array Radar (LRPR) is one main payload of the Lander for Chinese Chang’E-5 (CE-5) mission. It is used to support the drilling and sampling device and to detect lunar regolith thickness and structure of the landing site. LRPR will only work in situ under static status, so the antenna array is employed. Since the antenna array is about 90?cm high from the ground, the layout is irregular, and the metal structure of the lander seriously interferes with LRPR, these factors make it very difficult to reconstruct the image of the drilling area, so the performance verification must be carried out. We propose a set of methods to process LRPR’s data and reconstruct image. The verification experiments demonstrate that these methods are suitable for LRPR, the thickness and structure of the lunar regolith from zero to two meters can be clearly mapped, the vertical resolution is a few centimeters, and the electromagnetic properties of the subsurface can be estimated. Therefore, the performance of LRPR meets the requirements, and LRPR can successfully support drilling and sampling.     

Mercury: can any ice exist at subpolar regions?

The heat transfer in a regolith subsurface layer of thickness 20 m has been theoretically simulated for the areas near Mercury's north pole aiming at the clarification of the possible existence of subsurface ice formations of different form. The paper considers different models of the icy regolith structure and composition: pure uniform amorphous ice; a porous dispersive system with ice-filled pores and voids; permafrost. For comparison the heat transfer in dry iceless regolith has been considered as well. It has been shown that the line of maximum distribution of subsurface icy formations depends on the icy regolith model, but for any one in the “hot” regions it does not go below 70°. For the “cool” regions this line has been shown to go from 5° to 10° southward than that for the “hot” ones. The possible thickness of icy regolith near the pole has been estimated for different models assuming an interior heat flow of 15 mW m⁻². It has been shown that the maximum thickness of this layer takes place at the pole and is equal to 10 km for any model.     

Measuring tidal deformations at Europa’s surface

Key information on Europa’s interior can be gained by monitoring tidally-induced surface deformations from orbiting and landed spacecraft. Such observations would provide constraints on the thickness and rheology of Europa’s ice and liquid water layer, being thus an important tool to characterize basic physical properties of the satellite’s putative subsurface water ocean. Focusing on the outer ice-I layer we will present relations between the interior of Europa and key tidal parameters that can be retrieved from an instrument suite monitoring tidally-induced changes of local gravity, tilt, latitude and strain at the surface. A most promising approach would involve laser altimetry and gravitational field observations from an orbiting spacecraft combined with monitoring of tidally-induced gravity and tilt changes at the surface. However, tidal measurements at the surface may be significantly impeded by instrumental drift, instrument coupling to the surface, local sources of noise and the presumably short life-time of the instruments due to the harsh radiation environment.     

Bow shock: Power aspects

It is clear that the primary energy source for magnetospheric processes is the solar wind, but the process of energy transfer from the solar wind into the magnetosphere, or rather, to convecting magnetospheric plasma, appears to be rather complicated. Bow shock is a powerful transformer of the solar wind kinetic energy into the gas dynamic and electromagnetic energy. A jump of the magnetic field tangential component at front crossing means that the front carries an electric current. The solar wind kinetic energy partly transforms to gas kinetic and electromagnetic energy during its passage through the bow shock front. The transition layer (magnetosheath) can use part of this energy for accelerating of plasma, but can conversely spend part its kinetic energy on the electric power generation, which afterwards may be used by the magnetosphere. Thereby, transition layer can be both consumer (sink) and generator (source) of electric power depending upon special conditions. The direction of the current behind the bow shock front depends on the sign of the IMF Bz-component. It is this electric current which sets convection of plasma in motion.     

火星探测的微波遥感技术

从微波遥感的角度出发,综述目前国际上对火星的探测现状,列出对微波遥感探测有影响的火星表层土壤、岩层的结构、分布及其介电特性等参数的已有研究结果,分析对火星地壳表层水(或冰)存在可能性及其分布状态的研究动向.结合地球表面微波遥感技术的最新进展,提出用主动与被动微波遥感探测火星表面浅层土壤物质状态和分层结构的可行性分析,初步研讨了火星表层是否有水(或冰)存在的探测方案.      

有源周期性结构控制电磁波反射波束指向研究

提出有源反射的概念.利用如光带隙电磁结晶结构、高阻抗结构等周期性结构的带隙特性和 阻抗特性,通过在类似高阻抗表面的周期性金属单元表面铺设有源器件--变容二极管,控 制周期性结构的性能,建立有源周期性结构,影响入射电磁波的传播特性,实现对反射波束 的指向的有源控制和有效改变.仿真实验证明采用单层或双层有源周期性结构表面,可以有 效控制反射波束的相位和角度指向.     

结合等值面绘制与体绘制的电磁环境可视化方法

为提高现有的电磁环境三维可视化效果,提出一种将等值面绘制融合到光线投射体绘制中的网格投影算法。将等值面网格化,利用空间网格表现等值面并融合进体绘制生成的电磁环境图像中。将平面均匀网格平行投影到电磁环境体数据中具有同一数据值的数据采样点上,由此生成网格化的等值面。投影到体数据中的网格沿投射光线的反方向确定其对应于光线投射生成图像上的像素点,并将网格颜色值融合到此像素点中,实现融合绘制电磁环境。在统一计算设备架构(CUDA)下并行实现本文算法后,不仅电磁环境的绘制效果比融合前有提升,而且更新绘制速度能够达到实时,支持用户实时交互控制。     

雷暴充电对大气电位的影响

本文在指数导电率大气中,在给定电离层电位情况下,考虑雷暴充电电流源以后,解析地求解了稳态电流守恒方程,获得了大气电位分布的解析表达式.考察这一表达式可以看到,雷暴充电对大气电位的影响和电离层电位对大气电位的影响主要都是垂直地起作用的.从观测到的雷暴充电电流密度的数值以及其他性质出发,利用本文得到的解析表达式进行计算可看到,雷暴充电作用能够使电层高度上的电位上升到由观测所推出的电层电位应具有的数值.数例结果还表明,电离层电位能通过对雷暴上空电层电位值的显著影响而对晴天区低层大气电状态发生作用.      

A drilling tool design and in situ identification of planetary regolith mechanical parameters

The physical and mechanical properties as well as the heat flux of regolith are critical evidence in the study of planetary origin and evolution. Moreover, the mechanical properties of planetary regolith have great value for guiding future human planetary activities. For planetary subsurface exploration, an inchworm boring robot (IBR) has been proposed to penetrate the regolith, and the mechanical properties of the regolith are expected to be simultaneously investigated during the penetration process using the drilling tool on the IBR. This paper provides a preliminary study of an in situ method for measuring planetary regolith mechanical parameters using a drilling tool on a test bed. A conical-screw drilling tool was designed, and its drilling load characteristics were experimentally analyzed. Based on the drilling tool-regolith interaction model, two identification methods for determining the planetary regolith bearing and shearing parameters are proposed. The bearing and shearing parameters of lunar regolith simulant were successfully determined according to the pressure-sinkage tests and shear tests conducted on the test bed. The effects of the operating parameters on the identification results were also analyzed. The results indicate a feasible scheme for future planetary subsurface exploration.     

基于电磁力与力矩的航天器运动控制的研究进展

电磁力与力矩是一种非接触式的相互作用力与力矩.将通电线圈或磁铁放在磁场中会受到电磁力与力矩的作用.多个通电线圈或磁铁相互作用时，在彼此构成的磁场中也会受到电磁力与力矩的作用.作为一种非接触的力与力矩，电磁力与力矩在航天器的姿态与相对位置控制系统中已有了广泛和深入的应用.本文主要介绍近年来由航天器上电磁装置受到地磁场作用产生电磁力矩在姿态控制中的应用，和带有电磁机构的多航天器间相互作用控制多航天器间相对位姿的应用等.     

强电磁脉冲下柴油发动机系统薄弱环节识别

为识别强电磁脉冲环境下柴油发动机系统的薄弱环节，提出了一种加权故障树和分层贝叶斯网络相结合的柴油发动机系统薄弱环节识别方法。该方法综合考虑同层单元失效的相关性，加权故障树的局部应用解决了部分条件转移概率表不易获取问题。运用贝叶斯网络双向推理功能，首先，通过柴油发动机辐照试验和电磁仿真软件获得的各部件敏感度阈值及电磁应力数据，计算出强电磁脉冲下部件级到系统级的先验失效概率；然后，依据贝叶斯概率公式计算在发动机失效条件下各部件故障的后验概率，并排序以识别其薄弱环节，为电磁防护方案的设计提供参考和建议。以宽带高功率微波(WBHPM)辐照为例，说明了柴油发动机系统分层贝叶斯网络故障模型参数获取与概率计算过程。结果表明:执行器和凸轮轴位置传感器、曲轴位置传感器既为柴油发动机系统的重要部件，也为较薄弱环节，是需要重点防护的对象。      

外加正交电磁场等离子体中电磁波透射特性

在基于磁流体动力学和电磁波传播理论的基础上，针对航天飞行器再入过程中的黑障问题，提出了一种物理模型.利用数值分析方法，研究电磁窗周围的电子密度在不同的飞行器轴向距离下，随着飞行器法向距离增加呈现出的变化趋势；改变外加电场和磁场的交叉角度，分析不同角度下电磁窗周围电子密度的变化趋势；研究有外加正交电磁场的电子密度与无外加电磁场电子密度比值的变化趋势和电磁波衰减的变化趋势.结果表明:当外加正交电磁场时，接收天线周围的电子密度随飞行器法向距离的增加而不断减小，其与无外加电磁场时电子密度之比呈现不断下降的趋势；电磁波的衰减在不同飞行高度和外加磁场强度下，随着电磁波频率的增加而不断减小.这为减缓“黑障”问题提供了一种新的方法.      

Dielectric properties and microwave remote sensing

The importance of the dielectric properties of earth, ocean and snow surfaces in microwave remote sensing is reviewed. Data on dielectric properties of materials in the microwave frequency range are very scarce and their behaviour is not fully understood. In this paper the need for dielectric properties of ocean and snow surfaces, the earth's surface and subsurface materials is discussed for the quantitative and qualitative interpretation of microwave remote sensing data of developing countries.     

Space observations of comets during solar flares: A possible explanation for comet brightness outbursts

Problems connected with mechanisms for comet brightness outbursts as well as for gamma-ray bursts remain open. Meantime, calculations show that irradiation of a certain class of comet nuclei, having high specific electric resistance, by intense fluxes of energetic protons and positively charged ions with kinetic energies more than 1 MeV/nucleon, ejected from the Sun during strong solar flares, can produce a macroscopic high-voltage electric double layer with positive charge in the subsurface zone of the nucleus, during irradiation times of the order of 10–100 h at heliocentric distances around 1–10 AU. The maximum electric energy accumulated in such layer will be restricted by the electric discharge potential of the layer material. For comet nuclei with typical radii of the order of 1–10 km the accumulated energy of such natural electric capacitor is comparable to the energy of large comet outbursts that are estimated on the basis of ground based optical observations. The impulse gamma and X-ray radiation together with optical burst from the comet nucleus during solar flares, anticipated due to high-voltage electric discharge, may serve as an indicator of realization of the processes above considered. Multi-wavelength observations of comets and pseudo-asteroids of cometary origin, having brightness correlation with solar activity, using ground based optical telescopes as well as space gamma and X-ray observatories, during strong solar flares, are very interesting for the physics of comets as well as for high energy astrophysics.     

Tearing,coalescence and fragmentation processes in solar flare current sheet and drifting pulsating structures

The paper presents a summary of results from two different simulations which study the tearing, coalescence and fragmentation of current sheets, the associated production of energetic electrons and of plasma waves from these electrons which could explain drifting pulsation structures observed at radio wavelengths. Using a 2.5-D particle-in-cell (PIC) model of the current sheet it is shown that due to the tearing mode instability the current sheet tears into plasmoids and these plasmoids later on coalesce into larger ones. During these processes electrons are accelerated and they produce observable electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, the 3-D PIC model with two current sheets extended in the electric current direction shows their fast fragmentation associated with the exponential dissipation of the free magnetic field energy. An example of the drifting pulsating structure which is considered to be a radio signature of the above mentioned processes in solar flares is shown.     

基于INBC的周期结构FDTD方法

针对周期结构电磁特性参数求解问题，介绍了一种基于网络分析法、矢量拟合法，用来快速求解低剖面周期结构电磁特性参数的内部阻抗边界条件（INBC）与时域有限差分（FDTD）结合的INBC-FDTD计算方法。该方法将金属层的二端口频域阻抗参数曲线先通过矢量拟合法进行有理分式拟合，再对其进行时域变换后嵌入FDTD公式完成对电场、磁场的更新工作。所提方法完整地考虑了在金属层传输的电磁场，其二端口网络阻抗参数全面地考虑了端口之间的互耦问题。      

星载反射阵天线形变对其辐射特性的影响

高增益、低剖面、低质量的平面反射阵天线广泛应用于卫星通信及空间探测领域.目前虽有多种新型星载反射阵天线设计，但尚未大规模实际应用.反射阵天线在加工、组装过程中出现的误差以及在空间高低温环境中产生的形变误差都会对其电特性产生影响.为验证反射阵天线大规模实际应用于空间探测的可行性，研究了反射阵天线可能出现的形变误差对其辐射特性的影响，从理论上分析了反射阵单元发生位移、旋转、变形时反射相位的变化规律，并且从反射阵天线设计实例出发，利用科学计算和电磁仿真软件对天线的方向图、增益等特性进行仿真分析，研究形变对反射阵天线电性能的影响.