载人火星探测进展及其EDL过程GNC关键技术

随着火星探测技术的不断发展和探测任务的不断推进，载人火星探测在未来将会成为火星探测的重要手段。首先，回顾了无人火星探测任务的发展历程，对比分析了部分无人火星探测器进入、下降与着陆（EDL）过程的参数。然后，结合无人火星探测、载人月球探测和载人航天再入过程，梳理了载人火星探测的特点及需求，系统地总结了前苏联/俄罗斯和美国的载人火星探测研究进展以及技术储备。接着，归纳了载人火星探测的体系构成、集结方式和主要的技术挑战。最后，概括了载人火星EDL过程面临的难题，重点阐述了EDL的导航、制导与控制（GNC）关键技术。     

Sulfur “concrete” for lunar applications – Sublimation concerns

Melting sulfur and mixing it with an aggregate to form “concrete” is commercially well established and constitutes a material that is particularly well-suited for use in corrosive environments. Discovery of the mineral troilite (FeS) on the moon poses the question of extracting the sulfur for use as a lunar construction material. This would be an attractive alternative to conventional concrete as it does not require water. However, the viability of sulfur concrete in a lunar environment, which is characterized by lack of an atmosphere and extreme temperatures, is not well understood. Here it is assumed that the lunar ore can be mined, refined, and the raw sulfur melded with appropriate lunar regolith to form, for example, bricks. This study evaluates pure sulfur and two sets of small sulfur concrete samples that have been prepared using JSC-1 lunar stimulant and SiO₂ powder as aggregate additions. Each set was subjected to extended periods in a vacuum environment to evaluate sublimation issues. Results from these experiments are presented and discussed within the context of the lunar environment.     

利用着陆器立体视觉对月面巡视探测器定位

在月面巡视探测器漫游过程中,需要测量月面巡视探测器的位置和姿态信息,以使巡视探测器行驶在规划好的路径上,并确保其安全。定位系统可以采取多种方式。在文章中,利用着陆器立体视觉系统对月面巡视探测器定位方法进行了研究,它采用立体视觉测量技术以及彩色图像分割的方法,进行跟踪测量月面巡视探测器位姿信息,能够对惯导系统加里程计的定位方法进行修正,减小月面巡视探测器的计算工作量。在定位方法的研究中,采用彩色图像分割方法对月面巡视探测器进行识别,能够适应变光照条件,并且运算速度快,达到实时图像伺服控制的目的。通过月面巡视探测器上制作特征点及采用基于四边形约束的特征点匹配方法,提高了图像匹配概率。通过卡尔曼滤波技术,能够满足任意时刻的月面巡视探测器定位要求。     

Deep Impact Mission Design

The Deep Impact mission is designed to provide the first opportunity to probe below the surface of a comet nucleus by a high-speed impact. This requires finding a suitable comet with launch and encounter conditions that allow a meaningful scientific experiment. The overall design requires the consideration of many factors ranging from environmental characteristics of the comet (nucleus size, dust levels, etc.), to launch dates fitting within the NASA Discovery program opportunities, to launch vehicle capability for a large impactor, to the observational conditions for the two approaching spacecraft and for telescopes on Earth.     

Deep Impact: A Large-Scale Active Experiment on a Cometary Nucleus

The Deep Impact mission will provide the first data on the interior of a cometary nucleus and a comparison of those data with data on the surface. Two spacecraft, an impactor and a flyby spacecraft, will arrive at comet 9P/Tempel 1 on 4 July 2005 to create and observe the formation and final properties of a large crater that is predicted to be approximately 30-m deep with the dimensions of a football stadium. The flyby and impactor instruments will yield images and near infrared spectra (1–5 μm) of the surface at unprecedented spatial resolutions both before and after the impact of a 350-kg spacecraft at 10.2 km/s. These data will provide unique information on the structure of the nucleus near the surface and its chemical composition. They will also used to interpret the evolutionary effects on remote sensing data and will indicate how those data can be used to better constrain conditions in the early solar system.     

The History and Dynamics of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Since its discovery in 1867, periodic comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been observed at 10 returns to perihelion, including all its returns since 1967. The observations for the seven apparitions beginning in 1967 have been fit with an orbit that includes only radial and transverse nongravitational accelerations that model the rocket-like thrusting introduced by the outgassing of the cometary nucleus. The successful nongravitational acceleration model did not assume any change in the comet’s ability to outgas from one apparition to the next and the outgassing was assumed to reach a maximum at perihelion. The success of this model over the 1967–2003 interval suggests that the comet’s spin axis is currently stable. Rough calculations suggest that the collision of the impactor released by the Deep Impact spacecraft will not provide a noticeable perturbation on the comet’s orbit nor will any new vent that is opened as a result of the impact provide a noticeable change in the comet’s nongravitational acceleration history. The observing geometries prior to, and during, the impact will allow extensive Earth based observations to complement the in situ observations from the impactor and flyby spacecraft.     

定常幅值小推力登月飞行器轨道研究

 进行了基于平面三体模型的登月飞行器轨道控制方法的研究;研究了从近地低轨道到近月低轨道的飞行轨道;给出了在地球逃逸段、惯性漂移段和月球捕获段的运动轨迹和关键点的参数。提出使用“远地点可达”概念完成了地球逃逸段发动机推力终点的选择和使用飞行器相对月心能量完成了在月球捕获段止推发动机工作初始点的选择。     

我国深空探测任务电源系统发展需求

针对我国后续月球极区探测、小天体探测、火星探测、木星系探测深空探测重点任务,在梳理分析每个探测任务约束的基础上,提出电源系统的具体需求;对上述4个方向的深空探测任务的电源系统需求进行归纳总结,提出我国后续深空探测任务的电源系统主要发展建议,具体包括宽温度和光强适应性、抗辐照的太阳电池阵,轻小型智能化的电源控制装置,高功率密度的电源系统MPPT拓扑;最后对同位素温差发电技术进行了发展展望,为后续深空探测电源系统研究和设计提供参考。     

巡视探测器悬架机构综述

悬架机构是巡视探测器移动系统的重要组成部分，其性能直接影响着巡视探测器的通过性能、越障能力和稳定性等。文章分析了目前应用于巡视探测器的各种悬架，分别为杠杆导向的扭力式独立悬架、摇臂转向架悬架、五轮五点接触悬吊式悬架、平行架一叉形架悬架、三体柔性悬架、ExoMars巡视探测器悬架系列（RCL-C、RCL-E、CRAB和Double Spring）、正反四边形悬架等。在分析的基础上总结了巡视探测器悬架机构的发展趋势，同时为我国月面巡视探测器移动部分悬架机构的选择提出了建议。     

MESSENGER and the Chemistry of Mercury’s Surface

The instrument suite on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft is well suited to address several of Mercury’s outstanding geochemical problems. A combination of data from the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) and X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) instruments will yield the surface abundances of both volatile (K) and refractory (Al, Ca, and Th) elements, which will test the three competing hypotheses for the origin of Mercury’s high bulk metal fraction: aerodynamic drag in the early solar nebula, preferential vaporization of silicates, or giant impact. These same elements, with the addition of Mg, Si, and Fe, will put significant constraints on geochemical processes that have formed the crust and produced any later volcanism. The Neutron Spectrometer sensor on the GRNS instrument will yield estimates of the amount of H in surface materials and may ascertain if the permanently shadowed polar craters have a significant excess of H due to water ice. A comparison of the FeO content of olivine and pyroxene determined by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) instrument with the total Fe determined through both GRNS and XRS will permit an estimate of the amount of Fe present in other forms, including metal and sulfides.