弱引力下小行星动量驱动机器人的可控跳跃行为

以小行星表面着陆探测为背景,提出一种动量驱动机器人(MoRo)以满足弱引力复杂环境下的探测需求。该机器人利用弱引力环境下的摩擦和碰撞特性,通过主动辨识环境参数,规划和控制动量轮以产生期望的驱动力矩,完成可控性跳跃及腾空后的稳定拍照等任务。首先,基于MoRo的动量轮刹车机构特性,分析了MoRo在弱引力环境下的跳跃机理并对其跳跃方式进行了规划;接着考虑动量轮驱动机构三闭环伺服系统的非线性特性,基于Herze碰撞模型和Karnopp摩擦模型建立了MoRo在小行星表面的跳跃行为动力学模型;其次,使用机器学习算法建立环境参数和MoRo运动的函数关系,并基于环境参数规划动量轮转速实现跳跃距离和腾空高度的可控。最后,通过数值仿真校验了MoRo跳跃规划方法和控制方法的可行性。     

电铸镍Wolter I型光学系统制造技术发展综述

摘要： 为满足未来脉冲星导航和空间天文观测任务对X射线望远镜的载荷需求，Wolter I光学系统的研制正逐渐成为新的研究热点，电铸镍方案是当前国内外X射线光学系统镜筒制造的主要技术方案.文章对电铸镍X射线光学系统制造工艺、国内外研制现状、未来应用需求进行了介绍和整理，梳理了电铸镍X射线光学系统研制遇到的关键技术和难点，提出了后续研究发展建议，以促进中国在 X射线脉冲星自主导航、空间探测领域的快速发展.     

High energy-density propulsion—reducing the risk to humans in planetary exploration

The potential benefits to humankind of space exploration are tremendous. Space is not only the final frontier but is also the next marketplace. The orbital space above Earth offers tremendous opportunities for both strategic assets and commercial development. The critical obstacle retarding the use of the space around the Earth is the lack of low cost access to orbit. Further out, the next giant leap for mankind will be the human exploration of Mars. Almost certainly within the next 30 years, a human crew will brave the isolation, the radiation, and the lack of gravity to walk on and explore the Red planet. Both of these missions will change the outlook and perspective of every human being on the planet. However, these missions are expensive and extremely difficult. Chemical propulsion has demonstrated an inability to achieve orbit cheaply and is a very high-risk option to accomplish the Mars mission. An alternative solution is to develop a high performance propulsion system. Nuclear propulsion has the potential to be such a system. The question will be whether humanity is willing to take on the challenge.     

EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SPACE PLASMAS

The Cluster mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) will allow, for the first time three-dimensional measurements in key regions of the Earth's magnetosphere to be carried out. The European Numerical Simulation Network (ENSN) aims at providing a theoretical support to the mission. We describe the achievements of the ENSN during its first period of activity 1991–1994, during which the network was funded by the European Union. In particular, the ENSN has set up (i) thematic Working Groups on the prime scientific goals of the mission, (ii) a code development Working Group to develop numerical simulation codes specifically adapted to studying magnetospheric boundaries and the corresponding scale mixing, and (iii) software models of Cluster instruments to test in a numerical simulation what the set of four instruments will measure.     

Scientific Planning and Commanding of the Rosetta Payload

ESA’s Rosetta mission was launched in March 2004 and is on its way to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, where it is scheduled to arrive in summer 2014. It comprises a payload of 12 scientific instruments and a Lander. All instruments are provided by Principal Investigators, which are responsible for their operations. As for most ESA science missions, the ground segment of the mission consists of a Mission Operations Centre (MOC) and a Science Operations Centre (SOC). While the MOC is responsible for all spacecraft-related aspects and the final uplink of all command timelines to the spacecraft, the scientific operations of the instruments and the collection of the data and ingestion into the Planetary Science Archive are coordinated by the SOC. This paper focuses on the tasks of the SOC and in particular on the methodology and constraints to convert the scientific goals of the Rosetta mission to operational timelines.     

关于CCSDS音频、视频及静态图像通信业务建议的初步研究

音频、视频及静态图像通信 (简称 A/ V/ SI)是空间任务 (包括无人的及载人的航天任务 )中的重要业务。对 CCSDS关于 A/ V/ SI通信业务建议进行了分析研究 ,指出 CCSDS建议的音频、视频及静态图像的质量标准、编码方法和编码参数等与 ITU - T的有关建议是相互兼容的 ,对CCSDS的 A/ V/ SI通信建议在空间任务中的应用提出了初步看法     

月食过程月表太阳辐照和温度变化模拟

月食对月球轨道探测器的温度有重要的影响,分析月食时月表的太阳辐照和温度,具有重要意义。文章给出了通用的月表温度模型和月食时月表太阳辐照模型,根据某次月食的天文参数,用太阳辐照模型可求出月表任一点在月食时的太阳直接辐照变化过程,代入温度模型可求出任一点的温度变化过程。此模型和方法可用于对任何一次月食的分析,并以2007年8月28日的月食为例,模拟了该次月食的表面太阳直接辐照和温度的变化过程。     

月球着陆器精确定点及安全着陆技术研究

在未来月球探测中,需要对一些地形复杂的区域进行探测,而在这些区域软着陆,潜在的危险性增加,这就要求着陆时具有较高的定位精度并能够自动避险。当前,由于着陆时定点的误差较大,在小范围安全地域准确着陆很难。研究了一种精确定位、安全的软着陆方式,它在软着陆过程中增加了悬停阶段。在这一阶段中,通过着陆区危险地域的识别、着陆地点位置误差的计算,加上对着陆器横向漂移的控制技术,使着陆地点的精度以及着陆生存率大为提高,能够满足未来月球探测的软着陆要求。     

嫦娥一号月球探测卫星研制综述

嫦娥一号卫星是我国第一个月球探测卫星,将实现对月球的环绕探测。嫦娥一号卫星的研制和发射是我国深空探测活动的开端,在我国航天史上将成为继人造卫星和载人航天后的第三个里程碑。与近地卫星相比,嫦娥一号卫星面临更复杂的控制过程和环境,因此,嫦娥一号卫星必须突破一系列的关键技术,实现既定的任务目标。文章介绍了嫦娥一号卫星的任务目标、主要技术方案和研制过程;概要性地说明了嫦娥一号卫星的研制过程。     

月面软着陆探测器地面力学试验方法研究

月面软着陆探测器的主要任务是携带有效载荷实现在月球表面的安全着陆,其经历的主要过程包括发射段、地月转移段、近月制动段、环月段、着陆段和月面工作段。软着陆探测器面临的月球环境比近地轨道卫星复杂得多。为提高软着陆探测器系统的可靠性,必须进行充分的地面试验,验证软着陆探测器的设计合理性。文章分析了月球软着陆探测器在各飞行过程中面临的力学环境,分析了力学环境对探测器系统的影响及作用效果,提出软着陆探测器需完成的地面力学试验项目,设计相应的试验方法,并给出确定试验量级的基本原则。