The structure and effects of cooling flows in clusters of galaxies

Rapidly cooling gas is commonly found near the centres of clusters of galaxies. The structure of the resulting gas flows is reviewed. Total gas cooling rates of several hundred M yr⁻¹ have been observed in a number of cases. Thermal instability and the ultimate fate of the cooled gas are discussed. The cooled gas could easily have formed a massive central galaxy.     

Robust model predictive control for satellite formation keeping with eccentricity/inclination vector separation

This study presents model predictive formation control based on an eccentricity/inclination vector separation strategy. Alternative collision avoidance can be accomplished by using eccentricity/inclination vectors and adding a simple goal function term for optimization process. Real-time control is also achievable with model predictive controller based on convex formulation. Constraint-tightening approach is address as well improve robustness of the controller, and simulation results are presented to verify performance enhancement for the proposed approach.     

Spacecraft formation flying control around L2 sun-earth libration point using on–off SDRE approach

In this paper, on–off SDRE control approach is presented for spacecraft formation flying control around sun-earth L2 libration point. Orbits around libration points are significant targets for many space missions mainly because of efficient fuel consumption. Furthermore, less propellant usage can be achieved by considering optimal control approaches in spacecraft formation flying control design. Among various nonlinear and optimal control methods, SDRE has shown to be a popular controller in various missions due to the privileges including efficiency, accuracy and robustness. The spacecraft are assumed to have on–off thrusters as actuators. It requires them to be fed with a sequence of on–off pulses which is regarded as a challenge for spacecraft designers. Hence, the main contribution of this paper is designing an on–off SDRE approach for the formation flight around sun-earth L2 point with uncertainty with energy and accuracy considerations. Including on–off input as a constraint is not feasible for SDRE implementation because it makes the system non-affine. An alternative is utilizing an integral action technique and an auxiliary control to make the system affine which leads to on–off SDRE approach. It has also been shown that the proposed method is robust against parametric uncertainties of the states. Present study aims to design an energy-beneficial, simple and attractive controller for a complex nonlinear system with on–off inputs and uncertainty in CRTBP. Simulation results show that the on–off SDRE control could provide the formation flight around L2 point with high accuracy using less energy consumption.     

Formation flying reconfiguration manoeuvres via environmental forces in highly elliptical orbits

A study on reconfiguration manoevres applied to a tetrahedral formation in highly elliptical orbits is proposed, by using a propellantless solution. The manoeuvring strategy consists in exploiting certain environmental forces, specifically those provided by solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag, by actively controlling the satellites’ attitudes. Through inverse dynamics particle swarm optimization the optimal attitudes required for the manoeuvres are evaluated, whereas the configuration’s evolution is simulated by a high-fidelity orbital simulator. The goal of the reconfiguration problem is to find an optimal control in order for the four spacecraft to reach a desired configuration in a specified portion of orbit, where the desired configuration is evaluated by a shape and size geometric parameter. By increasing the manoeuvring time and the satellites’ area to mass ratio, all the case studies considered are successfully verified.     

InfraRed Astronomy Satellite Swarm Interferometry (IRASSI): Overview and study results

The far-infrared (FIR) regime is one of the few wavelength ranges where no astronomical data with sub-arcsecond spatial resolution exist yet. Neither of the medium-term satellite projects like SPICA, Millimetron or OST will resolve this malady. For many research areas, however, information at high spatial and spectral resolution in the FIR, taken from atomic fine-structure lines, from highly excited carbon monoxide (CO) and especially from water lines would open the door for transformative science. These demands call for interferometric concepts. We present here first results of our feasibility study IRASSI (Infrared Astronomy Satellite Swarm Interferometry) for an FIR space interferometer. Extending on the principal concept of the previous study ESPRIT, it features heterodyne interferometry within a swarm of five satellite elements. The satellites can drift in and out within a range of several hundred meters, thereby achieving spatial resolutions of <0.1 arcsec over the whole wavelength range of 1–6 THz. Precise knowledge on the baselines will be ensured by metrology methods employing laser-based optical frequency combs, for which preliminary ground-based tests have been designed by members of our study team. We first give a motivation on how the science requirements translate into operational and design parameters for IRASSI. Our consortium has put much emphasis on the navigational aspects of such a free-flying swarm of satellites operating in relatively close vicinity. We hence present work on the formation geometry, the relative dynamics of the swarm, and aspects of our investigation towards attitude estimation. Furthermore, we discuss issues regarding the real-time capability of the autonomous relative positioning system, which is an important aspect for IRASSI where, due to the large raw data rates expected, the interferometric correlation has to be done onboard, in quasi-real-time. We also address questions regarding the spacecraft architecture and how a first thermomechanical model is used to study the effect of thermal perturbations on the spacecraft. This will have implications for the necessary internal calibration of the local tie between the laser metrology and the phase centres of the science signals and will ultimately affect the accuracy of the baseline estimations.     

静稳定裕度对飞翼布局的影响研究

减小配平损失对于提高飞翼布局升阻比和提升飞行控制能力具有重要意义,因此基于离散伴随优化方法研究静稳定裕度对跨音速飞翼布局减阻优化的影响,分别开展10%,0%,-10% 三种静稳定性设计工况的优化研究。采用自由变形（FFD）方法对非结构表面网格进行参数化,以FFD 控制点为设计变量,通过求解流场和伴随方程得到灵敏度信息;采用序列二次规划SQP 算法获得控制点位移的梯度,然后经过多轮迭代得到优化构型。结果表明：在几何厚度和力矩配平的约束下,离散伴随优化方法可以显著提升飞翼布局的最大升阻比,三种工况下最大升阻比提高都在8% 以上;随着静稳定性裕度减小,定升力系数优化的巡航升阻比增量有所减小,当静稳定裕度为10% 时巡航升阻比提高了5.08%。     

类X?47B无人机菱形编队气动干扰数值模拟

设计了一种由4架类X?47B飞翼布局无人机（UAVs）组成的菱形编队。通过求解RANS方程的数值模拟方法,研究了菱形编队无人机气动干扰问题,详细分析了影响机理,定量给出了编队减阻效果。计算结果表明:头机气动性能基本保持不变。两侧僚机受上洗气流影响,其减阻效果明显。尾机主要受下洗气流影响,其阻力增大,对编队久航和远航不利。在重力配平条件下,两侧僚机飞行阻力的减小是由攻角减小和诱导阻力减小共同引起的。尾机在编队中飞行阻力的增大主要是攻角增大带来的阻力增加,诱导阻力增大仅带来了20%的阻力增量。从减小下洗气流对尾机的不利影响出发,对不同垂向间距的尾机升阻特性进行了研究,并参考雁群头鸟变换行为机制,给出了无人机菱形编队飞行建议。      

大展弦比飞翼布局飞机新型操纵面设计

大展弦比飞翼布局飞机取消常规布局的安定面和操纵面,本体的 动态特性出现许多不足.介绍了在该新布局飞机上采用的升降副翼和开裂式方向舵等 新型操纵面的气动特点,并在计算空气动力学的基础上分析了其三轴控制效率.引进舵容量 的概念提出了操纵面的参数化设计方法,基于飞机的可控性对各新型操纵面的操纵效率需求 进行了评估,最终对某型飞机的操纵面初步设计进行了修正.研究结果为飞翼布局飞机的操 纵面设计提供了一套实用的方法.      

反舰导弹攻击航空母舰毁伤概率结构模型

简单介绍了航空母舰编队的编成。根据其防御特点,建立了反舰导弹攻击航空母舰毁伤概率结构模型,分析了各层元素之间的关系,指出了作战仿真中需重点研究的对象。     

冷轧无间隙原子钢中的微带生成机理

分析了冷轧体心立方金属中微带的形成原因.基于塑性变形理论,运用Taylor模型和Bishop＆Hill最大功原理,计算了变形体心立方晶体中滑移系上的切应变分布.计算结果表明,冷轧时当晶粒的轧向平行于晶粒的某些特定取向时,大量的局部切应变将集中产生在一个滑移面上并在此形成微带.这一高度局域性的切应变是形成剪切带的原因.此时,剪切带与轧制方向之间夹角为30°.另外,微带呈片状是双交滑移的结果,透射电子显微镜观察到的剪切带所在晶粒的取向和所在滑移面证实了这一微带的形成机制.