Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

Proposal for a multiple-asteroid-flyby mission with sample return

Asteroid exploration provides a new approach to study the formation of the solar system and the planetary evolution. Choosing a suitable target and designing of feasible profile for asteroid mission are challenging due to constraints such as scientific value and technical feasibility. This paper investigates a feasible mission scenario among the potential candidates of multiple flybys and sample return missions. First, a group of potential candidates are selected by considering the physical properties and accessibility of asteroids, for the sample return missions. Second, the feasible mission scenarios for multiple flybys and sample return missions to various spectral-type asteroids are investigated. We present the optimized design of preliminary interplanetary transfer trajectory for two kinds of missions. One is the single sample return mission to asteroids with various spectral types. The other is the multiple flybys and sample return mission to several asteroids. In order to find the optimal profiles, the planetary swing-by technique and Differential Evolution algorithm are used.     

深空着陆器随机优化制导律设计

针对导航估计误差对制导精度的不利影响,提出了一种随机优化制导设计方法。该方法将导航估计性能作为优化项引入制导设计过程中,通过对观测轨迹的优化设计,使视觉导航估计精度得到提高,进而改善了制导性能;同时,引入单步超前优化方法减少迭代运算量。将其应用于深空探测着陆任务,仿真结果表明与传统估计最优制导方法相比,该随机优化制导律有效降低了估计误差给制导系统带来的不利影响,使着陆器导航与制导系统整体性能得到改善提高。     

Progress for Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing in China

In this paper,technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is intro-duced.New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for meteorological satellite FY-3,ocean dynamic measurement satellite(HY-2),environment small SAR satellite(HJ-1C) and China's lunar exploration satellite(Chang'E-1),geostationary orbit meteorological satellite FY-4M,are reported.      

受摄三体问题研究

圆型限制性三体问题模型忽略了摄动因素的影响,在很多情况下不能足够准确地描述三体系统的动力学性质。本文研究了考虑摄动影响的三体问题的动力学性质及其轨道设计。首先分析了运行在平动点附近的卫星所受的主要摄动因素;然后从系统在惯性坐标系中的动力学方程出发,推导了会合坐标系中考虑偏心率、第四体引力以及太阳光压摄动影响的一般动力学方程;最后使用两层微分修正方法将圆型限制性三体问题模型下设计的轨道转换到受摄三体问题模型下。     

火星探测无动力借力飞行轨道研究

对无动力情形的借金星引力辅助变轨进行了研究,并完成了火星探测轨道的设计;首 先使用Jacobi积分得到了蒂塞朗准则,在利用速度矢量图对借力飞行轨道的特性进行分析后 ,得到了Williams提出的C3匹配法,证明了蒂塞朗准则和C3匹配的同一性;在 搜索借力飞行的可行性转移轨道中,采用C3匹配对借金星引力的火星探测轨道进行了 仿真,并对结果进行了分析,最后使用蒂塞朗准则对C3匹配的仿真结果进行了检验。     

变推力月球软着陆制导优化研究

提出了一种新的使用变推力火箭发动机实现月球定点软着陆制导的优化方法.在软着陆加速度抛物线(即二次函数)变化的条件下,通过一组代数方程连接初始条件和终端条件,避免了求解两点边值问题的迭代计算.给出了瞬时位置速度状态参数以及需要推力加速度、推力和秒流量的计算公式,并通过调整总飞行时间和着陆点位置实现了燃料消耗最小的优化处理.算例结果证明了这种方法的可行性和有效性.     

国外空间环境试验与探测技术现状与发展趋势

文章分析了与航天器飞行有关的4类空间环境的特点;介绍了国外空间环境试验技术的现状与发展概况。文章还重点分析了未来空间环境探测的发展趋势:加强了对空间环境动态变化的探测;将星座探测摆在重要地位;以地球轨道卫星为发展的主流;利用卫星加大对空间环境探测的力度;加强国际合作。国外空间环境探测的经验表明,我国应重视发展地球轨道探测卫星,尽快提高卫星有效载荷的水平。     

小行星远距离抵近轨道

讨论了小行星引力一阶项可被忽略情况下的小行星远距离轨道设计及动力学。此时,航天器的运动受太阳引力和太阳光压的影响。航天器和小行星的加速度之差在这两者之间形成的独特的相对动力学,为航天器在小行星附近停驻与观测提供特定轨道。完整解决了小行星处于圆形日心轨道这一较简单情况,也考虑和阐述了椭圆轨道情况,并取得了一些初步结果。     

中国月球探测任务轨道确定技术及发展综述

月球探测器的轨道确定是完成月球探测任务的基础,在我国月球探测任务的引领下,在我国深空测控体系发展的同时,轨道确定技术也得到了快速的进步。从时空参考框架和动力学模型两个方面介绍了我国月球探测任务轨道确定技术的发展过程,基于时空参考框架的优化及动力学模型的改进,我国月球探测器的轨道确定能力及精度也不断提升,这对于当前及后续的月球探测任务都有很好的借鉴意义。