An empirical solar radiation pressure model for satellites moving in the orbit-normal mode

We present a family of empirical solar radiation pressure (SRP) models suited for satellites orbiting the Earth in the orbit normal (ON) mode. The proposed ECOM-TB model describes the SRP accelerations in the so-called terminator coordinate system. The choice of the coordinate system and the SRP parametrization is based on theoretical assumptions and on simulation results with a QZS-1-like box-wing model, where the SRP accelerations acting on the solar panels and on the box are assessed separately. The new SRP model takes into account that in ON-mode the incident angle of the solar radiation on the solar panels is not constant like in the yaw-steering (YS) attitude mode. It depends on the elevation angle of the Sun above the satellite’s orbital plane. The resulting SRP vector acts, therefore, not only in the Sun-satellite direction, but has also a component normal to it. Both components are changing as a function of the incident angle. ECOM-TB has been used for precise orbit determination (POD) for QZS-1 and BeiDou2 (BDS2) satellites in medium (MEO) and inclined geosynchronous Earth orbits (IGSO) based on IGS MGEX data from 2014 and 2015. The resulting orbits have been validated with SLR, long-arc orbit fits, orbit misclosures, and by the satellite clock corrections based on the orbits. The validation results confirm that—compared to ECOM2—ECOM-TB significantly (factor 3–4) improves the POD of QZS-1 in ON-mode for orbits with different arc lengths (one, three, and five days). Moderate orbit improvements are achieved for BDS2 MEO satellites—especially if ECOM-TB is supported by pseudo-stochastic pulses (the model is then called ECOM-TBP). For BDS2 IGSOs, ECOM-TB with its 9 SRP parameters appears to be over-parameterized. For use with BDS2 IGSO spacecraft we therefore developed a minimized model version called ECOM-TBMP, which is based on the same axis decomposition as ECOM-TB, but has only 2 SRP parameters and is supported by pseudo-stochastic parameters, as well. This model shows a similar performance as ECOM-TB with short arcs, but an improved performance with (3-day) long-arcs. The new SRP models have been activated in CODE’s IGS MGEX solution in Summer 2018. Like the other ECOM models the ECOM-TB derivatives might be used together with an a priori model.     

同步双小行星系统共振轨道设计

研究了同步双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法及演化规律。首先，基于双椭球模型建立探测器运动方程，并给出共振轨道初值选取方法。然后，利用改进并行打靶法，提出一种双小行星系统平面共振轨道两步修正方法。同时结合稳定性理论及分岔理论，给出双小行星系统三维共振轨道生成和延拓方法；最后，以双小行星系统1999KW4为例，设计了共振比为1∶1,1∶2,1∶3,1∶4,2∶3的平面和空间共振轨道族，并分析了共振轨道的特性及轨道周期和轨道能量的变化规律。给出的双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法具有普适性，对未来双小行星系统探测任务中的轨道设计具有一定的参考意义与借鉴价值。     

基于TLE的弹道系数计算方法及应用分析

针对仅使用两行要素（Two Line Element，TLE）作为数据源的应用需求，研究了基于TLE轨道衰减的弹道系数计算方法。介绍了一种常用的基于两组TLE的直接计算法，分析TLE选取间隔对结果精度的影响；提出了一种基于多组TLE的迭代计算方法，以降低异常TLE对计算结果的影响；从弹道系数计算效果、在再入预报中的应用等方面对这两种方法进行比较分析。结果表明，两种方法各有优劣，基于多组TLE的迭代计算法稳定性更高、受TLE精度的影响更小；由于数据区间更短，基于两组TLE的计算结果对短期轨道衰减特性反应得更准确，用于临近再入时的预报效果更好。     

Orbit determination and prediction of GEO satellite of BeiDou during repositioning maneuver

In order to establish a continuous GEO satellite orbit during repositioning maneuvers, a suitable maneuver force model has been established associated with an optimal orbit determination method and strategy. A continuous increasing acceleration is established by constructing a constant force that is equivalent to the pulse force, with the mass of the satellite decreasing throughout maneuver. This acceleration can be added to other accelerations, such as solar radiation, to obtain the continuous acceleration of the satellite. The orbit determination method and strategy are illuminated, with subsequent assessment of the orbit being determined and predicted accordingly. The orbit of the GEO satellite during repositioning maneuver can be determined and predicted by using C-Band pseudo-range observations of the BeiDou GEO satellite with COSPAR ID 2010-001A in 2011 and 2012. The results indicate that observations before maneuver do affect orbit determination and prediction, and should therefore be selected appropriately. A more precise orbit and prediction can be obtained compared to common short arc methods when observations starting 1 day prior the maneuver and 2 h after the maneuver are adopted in POD (Precise Orbit Determination). The achieved URE (User Range Error) under non-consideration of satellite clock errors is better than 2 m within the first 2 h after maneuver, and less than 3 m for further 2 h of orbit prediction.     

用两颗GPS卫星确定低轨卫星轨道的初值方法

研究了用两颗全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）卫星粗略确定低轨卫星轨道的问题,并着重讨论了其中的初值问题,给出了一种有效的初值方法。实验结果证明：这种方法能给出一个确定的、实用的初值,大大减少了初轨计算的计算量,并使得算法收敛更加有保障。在工程实用方面比传统的猜测方法具有较大的优势。     

原子氧对航天器表面材料作用的数值模拟

对氏地球轨道环境对航天器表面材料的影响和航天器表面材料的低地球轨道环境寿命评定方法进行了介绍;并对低地球轨道环境和地面试验环境下,有无保护涂层的业胺所受冲蚀作用进行了成功的数值模拟,获得了具有工程应用价值的数值计算结果。该工作对航天器的设计具有指导意义。     

速率控制下的空间系绳的伸展

以地球同步轨道高度上的空间系绳的伸展为例,阐述了长度速率控制律中的参数对伸展过程的影响,控制律中参数选择的方法,最大系绳拉力的估算以及伸展过程中系绳应力的计算。     

日地平动点卫星两脉冲转移轨道设计

研究基于最小二乘微分修正方法的平动点卫星两脉冲转移轨道设计,推导了考虑高度和航迹角约束的微分修正公式,讨论了该方法的收敛性.以日地L₁点附近的Halo轨道为目标轨道,在圆型限制性三体问题模型下设计了其转移轨道,系统地研究了HOI(Halo Orbit Insertion)点和Halo轨道幅值对转移轨道的影响,给出了HOI点的选择策略,并讨论了应急情况下快速转移轨道设计.数值仿真验证了方法的有效性,选择Halo轨道靠近地球侧的点作HOI点可以获得飞行时间适中的转移轨道.     

基于光学测角数据的风云四号同步轨道卫星精密定轨

针对风云四号同步卫星的精密定轨和精度评估需求,首先利用地面光学测角数据对FY-4A卫星进行精密定轨,定轨后方位角和高度角的残差rms分别为0.25＂和0.45＂。与基于测距数据的轨道相比,位置精度在有测角数据的弧段内小于50m。进一步联合测角数据和测距数据对FY-4A卫星进行联合定轨,定轨后轨道重叠精度优于15m。利用联合定轨结果评估了基于测距数据的实时轨道产品精度,可以明显发现轨道精度随着测距数据的积累而逐步提高。     

30cm离子推力器在轨环境下的工作点及热控措施研究

栅极间距变化是影响离子推力器在轨环境下从冷态条件正常点火启动的重要因素,同时也决定了离子推力器的在轨工作时机和热控实施策略。本文采用有限元仿真与地面热平衡试验验证相结合的方法,建立起30cm离子推力器有限元分析模型并进行了模型校验,之后对离子推力器在轨受太阳光照影响的栅极温度场分布和间距变化,以及推力器在5kW工况下的三个典型温度点所对应的栅极间距变化进行了仿真分析,最后考虑了主动热控干预对推力器最恶劣工作点的栅极间距变化影响。结果显示：纯太阳光照影响下的栅极组件存在周期性温度变化,栅极最大温差可达到100℃,栅间距缩小量在0.06mm~0.16mm范围内波动;在太阳光照基础上实施60W的主动热控后,栅极最大温差降低至60℃,栅间距缩小量波动范围则变为0~0.03mm;栅极最高温度点和最低温度点分别是推力器冷态启动最容易和最困难的两个工作时机点,两点所对应的启动后屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.22mm和0.04mm;在10W、70W和120W的热控加热功率下,从最低温度点启动后的屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.06mm、0.20mm和0.29mm;采取主动热控措施能够有效降低推力器工作过程中的栅极热形变位移峰值,且加热功率为120W即温控点温度为50℃的主动热控可以满足30cm离子推力器在轨冷态启动时的0.25mm安全栅极间距要求。