旋翼诱发砂尘环境及其对直升机的危害

 用直升机模型进行试验研究,制造了“直升机”在地面附近不同高度悬停及不同桨盘载荷下诱发砂尘环境,考察了旋翼诱发砂尘对直升机的实际危害,测定了某些指定部位的砂尘浓度与作用力及砂尘粒度分布情况。理论分析,计算了机身周围旋翼诱导流场,并经实验检验了直升机旋翼诱发砂尘浓度、粒度分布规律及作用力的近似估算方法。     

嫦娥五号月球轨道交会对接远程导引轨道设计与飞行实践

结合月球轨道交会对接任务的特殊性和中国探月工程的实际工程约束,介绍了嫦娥五号任务月球轨道交会对接远程导引轨道设计,包括轨道器调相和上升器远程导引两方面内容,重点介绍了月球轨道交会对接远程导引多脉冲调相轨道方案的选择、标称轨道优化设计、轨控策略和误差分析结果以及实际飞行轨道控制的情况。飞行实践数据分析表明：嫦娥五号任务月球轨道交会对接远程导引轨道设计是正确合理的,实际飞行的速度增量满足推进剂预算的要求,全飞行过程测控条件良好,交班点控制精度完全满足转自主控制的要求,有力保障了交会对接和样品转移的顺利完成。     

Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

Impacts of the PAH size and the radiation intensity on the IR features of illuminated dust within the reflection nebulae

Interstellar dust grains are illuminated in the reflection nebulae. Under conditions of the PAH size and the intensity of the interstellar radiation field, we follow their impact on the PAH aromatic infrared bands using the numerical DustEM code. For a dust model consisting of PAH, amorphous C and amorphous silicate, the PAH size varies in a range from 0.31 to 4.9 nm while the radiation intensity varies by a scale factor from 0.1 to 10⁴. Various trends of the results show the effect of varying both the PAH size and the radiation intensity on the strength of the aromatic mid-IR bands. Through small PAH sizes less than 0.7 nm, the grain temperature distribution of PAHs shows a small variation within 2–3 K at low radiation intensity while it increases to 15 and 8 K for PAH⁰ and PAH⁺, respectively, at higher radiation intensity. In final the variability in these results reveals the evolution of the dust grains under the physical space conditions of the reflection nebulae. In the mid-IR region, the contributions of PAH⁰ and PAH⁺ in the total SED intensity agree with the proportions of these PAHs observed in some reflection nebulae having higher radiation intensities.     

地月平动点轨道应用与研究进展

面向未来月球和深空探测任务的需求，调研了地月平动点应用与研究的国内外现状与进展，着重分析了近年来的研究方向、研究内容、技术方法与特点，提出了面向未来月球和深空探测任务的地月平动点应用构想，梳理总结了需解决的相应关键技术，可为未来平动点相关研究与应用提供有益借鉴，以及为我国后续月球和深空探测任务的规划与论证提供参考。     

CE5T拓展试验轨道精度分析

针对嫦娥5T服务舱(CE5T)拓展试验中的绕地大椭圆轨道，分析了轨道动力学演化趋势，通过测轨数据类型组合策略分析了统一S频段测量(USB)和甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)在定轨中的贡献，得到了百米级的精密定轨精度；针对地月第二平动点(L2)绕飞轨道，分析了地心和月心积分的轨道动力学差异，制定了精密定轨的参数求解策略，得到了百米级的精密定轨精度；针对月球交会对接轨道的特点，选取三种不同的重力场模型定轨，比较了三者在轨道预报和数据拟合的差异，并与嫦娥3号(CE3)环月轨道的定轨精度进行比对，验证了不同重力场的适用范围，从计算精度和效率两方面制定了优化的定轨策略。     

Depth dependency of neutron density produced by cosmic rays in the lunar subsurface

Depth dependency of neutrons produced by cosmic rays (CRs) in the lunar subsurface was estimated using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo particle and heavy ion transport simulation code, PHITS, incorporating the latest high energy nuclear data, JENDL/HE-2007. The PHITS simulations of equilibrium neutron density profiles in the lunar subsurface were compared with the measurement by Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment (LNPE). Our calculations reproduced the LNPE data except for the 350–400 mg/cm² region under the improved condition using the CR spectra model based on the latest observations, well-tested nuclear interaction models with systematic cross section data, and JENDL/HE-2007.     

防风网对煤堆遮风效果的风洞实验研究

为了考察防风网对堆场煤堆的遮风效果,进行了防风网与煤堆之间区域的流场可视化实验。使用风洞模拟大气边界层条件,并将开孔率为38．5％的防风网模型布置在煤堆模型前方。实验中采用粒子成像测速（PIV）系统测量了防风网和堆场区域的平均风速分布,并且获得了煤堆表面的摩擦风速分布,进一步估算煤堆起尘量的变化情况。实验发现,防风网可有效降低煤堆表面迎风区域的摩擦风速,而对背风面的流场分布影响较小。研究结果可为防风网的遮护作用提供一定的实验支持。     

光学器件的空间粉尘高速撞击效应研究

文章利用静电加速器模拟研究了微小空间碎片及微流星体(空间粉尘)高速撞击镀膜石英玻璃,光学透镜和反射镜的撞击效应与累积损伤特性.扫描电镜观察结果表明,被撞击试样表面的损伤形式为不连续的点缺陷,可发现撞击坑、机械破裂、局部熔化和粉尘微粒子附着;分光光度计测试结果显示,经粉尘累积撞击后,光学透镜的透射率和反射镜的反射率均发生...     

月面着陆动力下降段最优轨迹序列凸优化方法

针对月面着陆器动力下降制导过程中,时变惯性加速度和重力加速度难以估计与补偿等问题,提出一种基于序列凸优化的在线制导算法。在考虑月面曲率及月球自转的着陆器动力学建模基础上,首先对模型及约束条件进行凸化,得到一个二阶锥规划(SOCP)问题;然后对经典序列凸优化进行了改进,对时变加速度剖面予以实时估计和补偿,提升了现有优化算法的性能,使着陆器在尽可能节约燃料的前提下实现高精度着陆。仿真结果表明,与经典的显式制导律相比,所提出的算法在动力下降段燃料消耗更少。由多种位置偏差下的打靶分析结果可知,所提出的算法均能满足性能指标要求;即使起始位置存在±2500 m的较大波动时,仍能以高精度的速度、位置完成动力下降制导。