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51.
52.
The Geology of Mercury: The View Prior to the MESSENGER Mission 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James W. Head Clark R. Chapman Deborah L. Domingue S. Edward Hawkins III William E. McClintock Scott L. Murchie Louise M. Prockter Mark S. Robinson Robert G. Strom Thomas R. Watters 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):41-84
Mariner 10 and Earth-based observations have revealed Mercury, the innermost of the terrestrial planetary bodies, to be an
exciting laboratory for the study of Solar System geological processes. Mercury is characterized by a lunar-like surface,
a global magnetic field, and an interior dominated by an iron core having a radius at least three-quarters of the radius of
the planet. The 45% of the surface imaged by Mariner 10 reveals some distinctive differences from the Moon, however, with
major contractional fault scarps and huge expanses of moderate-albedo Cayley-like smooth plains of uncertain origin. Our current
image coverage of Mercury is comparable to that of telescopic photographs of the Earth’s Moon prior to the launch of Sputnik
in 1957. We have no photographic images of one-half of the surface, the resolution of the images we do have is generally poor
(∼1 km), and as with many lunar telescopic photographs, much of the available surface of Mercury is distorted by foreshortening
due to viewing geometry, or poorly suited for geological analysis and impact-crater counting for age determinations because
of high-Sun illumination conditions. Currently available topographic information is also very limited. Nonetheless, Mercury
is a geological laboratory that represents (1) a planet where the presence of a huge iron core may be due to impact stripping
of the crust and upper mantle, or alternatively, where formation of a huge core may have resulted in a residual mantle and
crust of potentially unusual composition and structure; (2) a planet with an internal chemical and mechanical structure that
provides new insights into planetary thermal history and the relative roles of conduction and convection in planetary heat
loss; (3) a one-tectonic-plate planet where constraints on major interior processes can be deduced from the geology of the
global tectonic system; (4) a planet where volcanic resurfacing may not have played a significant role in planetary history
and internally generated volcanic resurfacing may have ceased at ∼3.8 Ga; (5) a planet where impact craters can be used to
disentangle the fundamental roles of gravity and mean impactor velocity in determining impact crater morphology and morphometry;
(6) an environment where global impact crater counts can test fundamental concepts of the distribution of impactor populations
in space and time; (7) an extreme environment in which highly radar-reflective polar deposits, much more extensive than those
on the Moon, can be better understood; (8) an extreme environment in which the basic processes of space weathering can be
further deduced; and (9) a potential end-member in terrestrial planetary body geological evolution in which the relationships
of internal and surface evolution can be clearly assessed from both a tectonic and volcanic point of view. In the half-century
since the launch of Sputnik, more than 30 spacecraft have been sent to the Moon, yet only now is a second spacecraft en route
to Mercury. The MESSENGER mission will address key questions about the geologic evolution of Mercury; the depth and breadth
of the MESSENGER data will permit the confident reconstruction of the geological history and thermal evolution of Mercury
using new imaging, topography, chemistry, mineralogy, gravity, magnetic, and environmental data. 相似文献
53.
基于蚁群算法的多任务导航星座载荷配置 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
给出了多任务导航星座载荷配置的一套新算法.首先建立了多任务导航星座载荷配置的优化模型;基于任务要求定义并提出了n+1重覆盖率来评价星座对地面的覆盖性能;蚁群算法(ACA)是一种新型的模拟蚂蚁觅食行为的仿生启发式算法,将蚁群算法运用到载荷配置的优化当中,修正了启发函数及Ant-Cycle模型使它们能够与星座载荷配置的优化相结合;给出了基于该算法的多任务载荷配置优化框图.仿真结果表明蚁群算法快速有效,优化结果满足任务要求. 相似文献
54.
In this paper, by using quaternion models, the problem of attitude control is investigated for a class of flexible satellites. Two control laws are presented for the considered flexible satellite models to guarantee convergence of the closed-loop systems without using angular velocity measurement. One is in the form of a partial state feedback for the case where the modal variable is available, and the other is in the form of an observer-based partial state feedback for the case where the modal variable cannot be measured. Finally, an example is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control laws. 相似文献
55.
Single event upset(SEU)effect,caused by highly energized particles in aerospace,threatens the reliability and security of small satellites composed of commercial-off-the-shelves(COTS).SEUinduced control flow errors(CFEs)may cause unpredictable behavior or crashes of COTS-based small satellites.This paper proposes a generic software-based control flow checking technique(CFC)and bipartite graph-based control flow checking(BGCFC).To simplify the types of illegal branches,it transforms the conventional control flow graph into the equivalent bipartite graph.It checks the legality of control flow at runtime by comparing a global signature with the expected value and introduces consecutive IDs and bitmaps to reduce the time and memory overhead.Theoretical analysis shows that BGCFC can detect all types of inter-node CFEs with constant time and memory overhead.Practical tests verify the result of theoretical analysis.Compared with previous techniques,BGCFC achieves the highest error detection rate,lower time and memory overhead;the composite result in evaluation factor shows that BGCFC is the most effective one among all these techniques.The results in both theory and practice verify the applicability of BGCFC for COTS-based small satellites. 相似文献
56.
针对星群多目标同时测控问题,基于星群轨道根数的时延特性和多普勒频移特性分析可得,星群多目标测控的上行链路遥控与测距信号可实现S CDMA(Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access,同步码分多址),由于星间距离较小,下行链路遥测与测距信号满足QS CDMA(Quasi synchronous code division multiple access,准同步码分多址).上行链路遥控和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA(Pulse Code Modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying Code Division Multiple Access,脉冲编码调制二进制相移键控码分多址),上行链路信号采用Gold序列扩频;下行链路遥测和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA,根据总的时延差,提出下行链路采用基于等长脉冲间隔法构造的LAS(Large Area Synchronous,大区域同步)码扩频.结果表明:比特信噪比Eb/N0为10.5 dB时,遥控误码率为1×10 6;Eb/N0为9.6 dB时,遥测误码率为1×10^5——与达到相同误码性能的Gold序列相比有1 dB改善,因此,LAS码相比于Gold码能够获得更好的误码性能. 相似文献
57.
58.
多星快响巡察任务是指多个目标卫星出现不明状况,巡察服务平台在短时间内进行轨道转移,携带多个子航天器对目标进行飞越巡察。对于该问题的任务规划,首先基于共面机动给出了平台调相策略并建立了满足光照和机动能力等约束的巡察窗口筛选计算模型;其次提出了一种贪婪搜索和多轮规划的方法,用于确定任务分配方案和巡察次序;最后在高精度轨道模型下验证了方法的有效性并将该方法与混合编码遗传算法进行了对比。在算例中,该方法的优化效果稍优于混合编码遗传算法,而且求解效率是后者的约227倍,表明贪婪搜索和多轮规划方法更适用该问题的高效求解。 相似文献
59.
基于模型的系统工程是卫星工程设计研制的理论基础,构建数字卫星是总体设计单位的重要工作。本文分析了卫星总体设计过程对数字卫星模型精度的要求,按不确定性的大小粒度,给出了点模型、流模型和场模型的定义;提出数字卫星场的模型精度或不确定性是制约卫星功能密度、反映总体设计水平的关键指标。结合数字孪生系统的概念,论述了数字卫星场模型的复杂性体现在多动态、多空间尺度和多物理场耦合三个方面,不同卫星不能用同一个数字公式描述,模型需要和遥测参数比对后才能确定,不能采用通用软件的工作模式构建和管理场模型;分析了数字卫星场模型的构建工作和模型管理工作,论证了人力成本是制约卫星场模型在工程实践中推广应用的关键因素。数字卫星工程智能化是基于模型的系统工程普及应用的关键,通过工程案例证明了建模与模型组织管理工作在智能化方面的可行性。 相似文献
60.
P. Pergola 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
This paper presents an innovative space mission devoted to the survey of the small Earth companion asteroid by means of nano platforms. Also known as the second Earth moon, Cruithne, is the target identified for the mission. Both the trajectory to reach the target and a preliminary spacecraft budget are here detailed. The idea is to exploit high efficient ion thrusters to reduce the propellant mass fraction in such a high total impulse mission (of the order of 1e6 Ns). This approach allows for a 100 kg class spacecraft with a very small Earth escape energy (5 km2/s2) to reach the destination in about 320 days. The 31% propellant mass fraction allows for a payload mass fraction of the order of 8% and this is sufficient to embark on such a small spacecraft a couple of nano-satellites deployed once at the target to carry out a complete survey of the asteroid. Two 2U Cubesats are here considered as representative payload, but also other scientific payloads or different platforms might be considered according with the specific mission needs. The small spacecraft used to transfer these to the target guarantees the manoeuvre capabilities during the interplanetary journey, the protection against radiations along the path and the telecommunication relay functions for the data transmission with Earth stations. The approach outlined in the paper offers reliable solutions to the main issues associated with a deep space nano-satellite mission thus allowing the exploitation of distant targets by means of these tiny spacecraft. The study presents an innovative general strategy for the NEO observation and Cruithne is chosen as test bench. This target, however, mainly for its relevant inclination, requires a relatively large propellant mass fraction that can be reduced if low inclination asteroids are of interest. This might increase the payload mass fraction (e.g. additional Cubesats and/or additional scientific payloads on the main bus) for the same 100 kg class mission. 相似文献