Graph-tree-based software control flow checking for COTS processors on pico-satellites

 This paper proposes a generic high-performance and low-time-overhead software control flow checking solution, graph-tree-based control flow checking (GTCFC) for space-borne commercial- off-the-shelf (COTS) processors. A graph tree data structure with a topology similar to common trees is introduced to transform the control flow graphs of target programs. This together with design of IDs and signatures of its vertices and edges allows for an easy check of legality of actual branching during target program execution. As a result, the algorithm not only is capable of detecting all single and multiple branching errors with low latency and time overheads along with a linear-complexity space overhead, but also remains generic among arbitrary instruction sets and independent of any specific hardware. Tests of the algorithm using a COTS-processor-based onboard computer (OBC) of in-service ZDPS-1A pico-satellite products show that GTCFC can detect over 90% of the randomly injected and all-pattern-covering branching errors for different types of target programs, with performance and overheads consistent with the theoretical analysis; and beats well-established preeminent control flow checking algorithms in these dimensions. Furthermore, it is validated that GTCGC not only can be accommodated in pico-satellites conveniently with still sufficient system margins left, but also has the ability to minimize the risk of control flow errors being undetected in their space missions. Therefore, due to its effectiveness, efficiency, and compatibility, the GTCFC solution is ready for applications on COTS processors on pico-satellites in their real space missions.     

Software implemented transient fault detection in space computer

Computer systems operating in space environment are subject to different radiation phenomena, whose effects are often called “Soft Error”. Generally, these systems employ hardware techniques to address soft-errors, however, software techniques can provide a lower-cost and more flexible alternative. This paper presents a novel, software-only, transient-fault-detection technique, which is based on a new control flow checking scheme combined with software redundancy. The distinctive advantage of our approach over other fault tolerance techniques is the lower performance overhead with the higher fault coverage. It is able to cope with transient faults affecting data and the program control flow. By applying the proposed technique on several benchmark applications, we evaluate the error detection capabilities by means of several fault injection campaigns. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can detect more than 98% of the injected bit-flip faults with a mean execution time increase of 153%.     

具有动态领导者的多智能体系统分组一致性控制

对一类具有动态领导者的非线性多智能体系统的一致性进行研究，解决了领导-跟随一致性控制问题。首先，考虑到多目标任务中广泛存在的合作-竞争机制和领导者的控制输入非零的情况，基于邻居智能体的相对状态信息，设计了一类分布式的分组一致性控制器。通过在所设计的控制器中增加补偿项，解决了由领导者非零控制输入引出的问题。引入了一类Lipschitz-like条件，解决了非线性项在实现分组一致时所带来的困难。其次，利用图论和构造Lyapunov函数，通过求解代数Riccati方程得出了系统实现分组一致性的充分条件，并基于所设计的控制器实现了多智能体系统动态领导-跟随的分组一致性控制。最后，通过数值仿真和结果分析验证了所提出控制方案的有效性和可行性。     

Crosslink slot assignment in LEO networks

The problem of crosslink time slot assignment in low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite networks is addressed. A crosslink channel connects two neighboring satellites through half-duplexed directional antennas. Coordination among the crosslinks between a satellite and all its neighbors in a dynamic LEO network is a delicate problem and rarely addressed in the literature. The problem is solved here using bipartite graphs. Two versions of slot assignment algorithm are given: distributed and centralized.     

超低轨航天器气动特性快速预测的试验粒子Monte Carlo方法

超低轨(LEO)卫星气动特性的快速准确计算是对其进行轨道预测和控制的关键输入条件。基于真空技术领域中计算管道分子流率的试验粒子Monte Carlo(TPMC)方法,结合自由分子流理论,发展了一套快速准确预测低轨卫星气动特性的TPMC方法,给出了其模拟步骤及主要关键技术点,并采用该方法模拟了带电池翼超低轨卫星的气动特性和航天器典型构件之间的多次反射效应。结果表明:TPMC方法在计算超低轨航天器气动力、力矩时具有较高的可靠性和对工程复杂外形的适用性;该方法能够准确模拟自由分子流理论无法求解的多次反射问题,给出正确的气动力系数;该方法的计算速度比直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)快3~4个量级,存储量要求也比后者低1~2个量级,是超低轨航天器气动特性快速准确预测的一个理想方法。     

Characterization of NAVSTAR GPS and GLONASS on-board clocks

Investigation into navigation satellite on board clock frequency references and performance are reported. The focus is on the stability of the clocks aboard the NAVSTAR GPS (Global Positioning System) and GLONASS satellites as well as those used by their respective maser control stations and associated time scales. Allan-variance techniques have been applied to determine the long-term time-domain behavior of satellite clocks in an attempt to identify different regions of power spectral density. Coupled with analysis of relative-frequency drift over a period of many weeks, this behavior allows the type of satellite onboard standard to be tentatively identified. The known nature of the GPS clocks has shown that the different types of clocks aboard the satellites (crystal, rubidium, and cesium) are distinguishable given a sufficient sample time. The same approach has been applied to the GLONASS satellites, and a comparison of the results obtained from GPS has allowed conjecture on the type of clock used by the GLONASS satellites. It appears that GLONASS has used clocks of the quality of rubidium atomic oscillators since at least 1986, and that the quality and performance of onboard standards have increased steadily with time. Some current satellites perform well enough in terms of frequency drift, flicker FM noise floor, and long-term stability to compare favorably with the cesium beam standards carried on NAVSTAR GPS satellites launched in 1983-84     

Fault-Tolerant Encryption for Space Applications

This paper is concerned with the use of commercial security algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Earth observation small satellites. The demand to protect the sensitive and valuable data transmitted from satellites to ground has increased and hence the need to use encryption on board. AES, which is a very popular choice in terrestrial communications, is slowly emerging as the preferred option in the aerospace industry including satellites. This paper first addresses the encryption of satellite imaging data using five AES modes—ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB and CTR. A detailed analysis of the effect of single even upsets (SEUs) on imaging data during on-board encryption using different modes of AES is carried out. The impact of faults in the data occurring during transmission to ground due to noisy channels is also discussed and compared for all the five modes of AE?. In order to avoid data corruption due to SEUs, a novel fault-tolerant model of AES is presented, which is based on the Hamming error correction code. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of the proposed model is carried out and measurements of the power and throughput overhead are presented.     

基于等倾角进动的自旋卫星姿态控制方法

姿态控制是自旋稳定卫星控制的基本任务之一,其控制方法有多种,本文主要针对等倾角法进行研究。首先介绍等倾角法姿态控制的基本原理,然后详细地给出姿态控制前需确定的理论执行角、实际执行次数和时延等控制量的具体计算方法,最后进行了姿态机动仿真控制。仿真结果表明,控制量的计算结果准确,控制过程的预测结果与实际控制过程一致。此方法已在多颗自旋卫星发射中得到应用和验证。     

Efficient approaches to low-cost high-fault coverage VLSI BISTdesigns

This work introduces a built-in self-test (BIST) design methodology that can sequentially test large very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits with very high fault coverage. The proposed techniques, circular BIST ((BIST) and (BIST with pseudopartial scan (PPSCAN), are modeled after the principles of the circular self-test path (CSTP). The basis of this method is to trade a minimal increase in hardware overhead for a large increase in fault coverage. It is shown that this technique yields a much higher fault coverage with reasonable time and test vector length when compared with existing sequential test methods. The effectiveness of the technique has been demonstrated by applying it to practical VLSI circuits, which include: 1) the system control coprocessor (CP0) of MIPS 3000 central processing unit (CPU) core and 2) the SIMD graphic engine, namely, enhanced memory chip (EMC). The BIST results show that (BIST and its derivative (BIST with pseudopartial scan (PPSCAN) are feasible for practical VLSI designs and generate BIST with high fault coverage and low overhead     

一种适用于情报图像处理的图像集分类算法

无人机情报处理系统是无人机地面控制系统的重要组成部分之一，主要负责对无人机侦察载荷下传的侦察情报进行处理，从复杂的情报中获得直观的情报产品并传递给上级和友邻单位。对于搭载光电载荷的无人机情报处理当前仍以依靠人力鉴别为主。介绍一种基于快速近似最近邻( FLANN) 搜索特征的K 近邻用分类决策，可去除背景信息对分类性能的影响；为了进一步提高算法的运行速度及减少算法的内存开销，采用特征选择的方式分别减少测试图像和训练图像集的特征数目，并尝试同时减少测试图像和训练图像集中的特征数目平衡分类正确率与分类时间之间的矛盾。该算法保留了原始NBNN 算法的优点，无需参数学习的过程，实验结果验证了算法的正确性和有效性。     

Micromachined gas flow regulator for ion propulsion systems

A gas flow regulator for ion propulsion systems on board small satellites is proposed. The device is fabricated by means of micromachining techniques and is made up of a silicon die and a borosilicate glass cover joined together by means of anodic bonding. The fabrication process of two different versions of the device is described. The gas mass flow dependence on both the inlet pressure and the absolute temperature is measured and discussed.     

GEO卫星寿命末期异常情况下离轨控制策略

为及时有效处置卫星寿命末期在轨突发情况,有针对性地做好卫星离轨的各项准备,控制与减小突发异常危害和不良影响,根据离轨控制要求,对异常情况下实施离轨的控制策略进行分析,提出了在燃料受限情况下"小步逼近"的多批次双脉冲离轨控制策略,以及在离轨控制时间受限情况下"大步远离"的短时间大控制量离轨控制策略,并通过仿真对控制策略进行了验证。结果表明,"小步逼近"控制策略能在燃料受限时尽可能地逼近坟墓轨道,"大步远离"控制策略能在较短的时间内将卫星送入坟墓轨道,该策略适用于GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit,地球静止轨道)卫星寿命末期异常情况下的离轨控制。     

涡轮喷气CO_2气动激光器概念研究

通过分析航空发动机和燃烧驱动CO2气动激光器的相似性,探讨了将航空发动机改装成CO2气动激光器的可行性.提出了涡轮喷气CO2气动激光器的概念和基本框架,分析了其中涉及的各项关键技术和初步解决方案.针对典型航空发动机的工作状态,设计了阵列喷管型面,并对小信号增益和喷管内流场分布进行了数值计算.结果表明,利用航空发动机燃气可以获得较高的小信号增益,涡轮喷气CO2气动激光器存在其合理性和可行性.     

5mm直径翘边孔横向耦合射流轨迹实验

采用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对5mm直径翘边孔横向耦合射流流场进行了研究,实验结果表明:射流入射角与翘边孔角度有较大的偏差,但是随着翘边孔角度的增加,射流入射角增大;引入翘边孔射流有效直径,由试验数据得到了有效直径的数值。对射流轨迹曲线进行了拟合,考虑了两种主通道气流速度、四种不同角度的翘边孔和三种不同深度的主通道,方程式能较好地反映小尺寸通道翘边孔射流的流动结构,为今后的流场设计提供依据。      

Fast cooperative trajectory optimization and test verification for close-range satellite formation using Finite Fourier Series method

The process of formation reconfiguration for close-range satellite formation should take into account the risk of collisions between satellites. To this end, this paper presents a method to rapidly generate low-thrust collision-avoidance trajectories in the formation reconfiguration using Finite Fourier Series (FFS). The FFS method can rapidly generate the collision-avoidance three-dimensional trajectory. The results obtained by the FFS method are used as an initial guess in the Gauss Pseudospectral Method (GPM) solver to verify the applicability of the results. Compared with the GPM method, the FFS method needs very little computing time to obtain the results with very little difference in performance index. To verify the effectiveness, the proposed method is tested and validated by a formation control testbed. Three satellite simulators in the testbed are used to simulate two-dimensional satellite formation reconfiguration. The simulation and experimental results show that the FFS method can rapidly generate trajectories and effectively reduce the risk of collision between satellites. This fast trajectory generation method has great significance for on-line, constantly satellite formation reconfiguration.     

FEC design for remote control and data transmission of aeronautic and astronautic vehicles

This paper focuses on the advanced Forward Error Correction(FEC) based on LowDensity Parity-Check(LDPC) codes for remote control and data transmission of Aeronautic and Astronautic Vehicles(AAV). It shows that the nontransparent LDPC codes with odd row weights are able to resist phase inversion with a small computational overhead. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to use FEC to resist phase inversion. Then, a high hardware-efficient FEC design for AAV, which is capable of correcting random errors as well as phase inversion, is proposed based on circulant decomposition with circulant size of 2s. Such a(4096, 2048) LDPC code has been adopted in a data transmission system due to its excellent error performance and hardware efficiency.     

用于卫星导航多星故障识别的新方法

 通过分析广义似然比方法,指出该方法不能用于多星故障识别。为能够快速识别多颗故障卫星,提高卫星导航定位系统的可靠性,提出了一种可以用于多颗故障卫星识别的接收机自主完整性监测（RAIM）的新方法——假设验证法。该方法对所有可能的故障卫星组合进行假设验证,对每种假设的故障卫星组合计算出卫星伪距偏差,然后利用此偏差构造一个新的奇偶残差矢量,最后利用特定的故障识别准则进行判断。以识别2颗故障卫星和识别3颗故障卫星为例进行了计算机仿真,结果显示：假设验证法故障正确识别率高于85%,高于现有的可用于多星故障识别的最优奇偶矢量法,可以有效提高卫星导航系统的可靠性。同时,与最优奇偶矢量法相比,假设验证法不需要求取矩阵广义特征向量,计算量将减少90%以上。     

二分图中哈密顿[k,k+1]因子

主要研究了在均衡二分图G中哈密顿[k,k 1]因子的存在性.设G=(X,Y,E),|X|=1Y1=2/n≥4(k-2)-3,k≥2且n≥2,δ(G)≥k,若G中每一对不相邻的顶点u,v有max{dG(x),dG(x)}≥4/n 2,则G有包含哈密顿圈C的[k,k 1]因子.在此基础上,进一步给出结论:二分图G=(X、Y、E),|x|=|Y|=2/n≥4(k-2)且n≥2,δ(G)≥k,若G中每一对不相邻的顶点u,v有dG(v)≥2/n 4,则G有包含哈密顿圈C的[k,k 1]因子.结论在很大程度上改进了已有的包含哈密顿圈的度条件,进一步完善了包含哈密顿圈的因子理论.     

炭化压力对沥青成焦组织和形貌的影响

将中间相沥青和普通沥青在不同压力下进行炭化,分析两种沥青在不同压力下的成焦偏光组织和扫描形貌。结果表明,两种沥青炭化后的组织随压力的不同而不同。中间相沥青焦低压时以小域组织为主,高压时以广域组织和流线型组织为主。普通沥青焦在低压时以针状细流线组织为主,高压时以镶嵌型组织和小域组织为主。扫描分析表明,两种沥青炭随炭化压力的增大,气孔逐渐由孔径大小不均的大孔变为孔径较均一的小孔。在相同的炭化压力40MPa下,中间相沥青焦以层片状结构为主,而普通沥青焦以层片状和"葡萄"状结构为主。