空间舱外机动装置发展综述

介绍了国外几种主要空间舱外机动装置的特点和性能，比较分析了系绳、机械、喷气机动等舱外机动装置的特点。认为小型的喷气机动装置（SAFER）最适合作为我国今后航天员空间活动的机动与救生工具。     

Self-perspiration garment for extravehicular activity improves skin cooling effects without raising humidity

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.     

央企所属研究所经济增加值管理探讨

介绍了经济增加值(EVA)相关理论,重点探讨了央企所属研究所EVA的增长途径。     

3种温度标准下的舱外航天服手套的工效评价试验研究

航天员在进行舱外作业时会受到低温的影响,规划航天服手套的温度工效标准具有重要作用。以力量、疲劳、感知感觉和协调性为工效评价指标,在中指指尖皮肤表面温度为常温、15.6℃和10℃3种温度下试验研究了低温环境对手套作业工效的影响。试验发现:①中指指尖皮肤表面温度控制在15.6℃时,工效受到的影响还不明显。在设计手套时,应保证中指指尖皮肤表面温度控制在15.6℃以上;②中指指尖皮肤表面温度在10℃左右工效受到的影响较为明显,其中感知感觉指标受到的影响较大,然后依次为疲劳、力量和协调性。舱外航天服手套的温度标准对于液冷通风服的设计也具有实用的参考意义。     

舱外活动系统述评

舱外活动（EVA）系统可分为3部分：1）航天员装备系统,包括舱外航天服（EVA航天服）、安全系绳和机动装置;2）空间支持系统,包括气闸、约束装置、EVA工具、在轨训练设施、遥控自动操作装置,以及表面运输工具;3）地面试验、训练与保障系统,包括减重／失重设施、热／真空试验舱、虚拟现实模拟系统、星体表面模拟场地,以及任务保障设施。文章阐述EVA系统的组成与功能,评述EVA技术现状及发展趋势。     

人工神经网络技术在舱外航天服自动温控系统中的应用

介绍了舱外航天服手动温度控制存在的问题,分析了已有的航天服自动温控方案。采用人工神经网络的反向传播算法,以氧气的消耗量、全身出汗量、心率、液冷服的出口水温及出入口的水温差等５个参数作为输入,以液冷服冷却水的入口温度为输出,建立了舱外航天服的自动温控系统的人工神经网络模型。并讨论了反向传播算法及网络构造。结果表明,人工神经网络技术为解决舱外航天服自动温度控制提供了一条新途径。     

中性浮力和失重环境人体运动仿真比较研究

为了模拟失重状态,航天技术发达的国家都建立了用于航天员出舱活动训练的中性浮力水槽。但与太空失重环境相比,水中存在的水动阻力会导致两种环境下人体运动反馈的差异性。基于ADAMS多体动力学仿真软件,按照“飞天”舱外航天服的质量分布,建立了着舱外服人体动力学模型。利用此模型仿真比较了水下和失重环境中肘关节屈伸、肩内收外展、肩矢状面内运动时人体躯干的动力学反馈,发现水下环境中模型躯干的转动速度峰值和平均值均较大。研究结果已应用于神舟七号载人飞行任务出舱活动航天员训练,建立的航天员人体动力学模型可应用于我国未来空间站任务出舱活动仿真分析。     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

经济增加值考核常见问题浅析

本文针对企业在经济增加值(EVA)考核中一些常见的认识误区和疑惑,对EVA考核指标的优势、EVA指标与规模指标的关系、EVA与平衡计分卡的关系等问题进行了分析解答。