基于ADRC迭代学习控制的四旋翼无人机姿态控制

针对农用无人机超低空表型遥感和喷药精准悬停易受地效扰动问题，提出了一种自适应ADRC姿态控制器。首先设计了基于ADRC的姿态控制器，结合四旋翼无人机平台在0.9~1.1、1.1~1.3、1.4~1.6、2.0~2.4、2.5~2.9、3.3~3.6 m/s侧向水平风、0.9~1.1 m/s （11°）、1.1~1.3 m/s （13°）、1.4~1.6 m/s （18°）、1.8~2.0 m/s （18°）、2.1~2.5 m/s （18°）前俯向风和侧俯向风下进行干扰的预测和控制量的补偿实验。实验结果显示使用ADRC姿态控制器后无人机抗风性能有较大提升。然而在存在初始误差时，ADRC固定带宽无法满足要求，进一步设计了自适应ADRC姿态控制器（ILC-ADRC）。通过迭代学习控制在线优化自抗扰控制器带宽，实现了不同增益观测器的自适应整定。实验结合四旋翼无人机平台分别进行了机头实际方向与期望方向偏离55°、90°、180°，水平风速1.1~1.3、1.4~1.6、2.0~2.4、2.5~2.9 m/s下使用ADRC和ILC-ADRC的对比。实验结果显示采用ILC-ADRC姿态控制器，在150次控制周期内，偏航角误差均在-15°~15°之间，满足四旋翼无人机偏航角控制精度要求，同时调节时间分别缩短了40%，16.67%，12.5%，53.33%，10.34%，13.95%，27.27%，58.66%，11.86%。     

Thick exchange layer evaporation model with natural convection effect and evaporation experimental study for multicomponent droplet

In order to investigate the high-temperature evaporation characteristics of multicomponent liquid fuel, three kinds of blended fuel: n-heptane/n-decane/RP-3 aviation kerosene-ethanol were experimentally studied with and without forced convection. Further, based on zero-diffusion and infinite diffusion concept, this study expanded Thick Exchange Layer evaporation model with Natural Convection effect (NC-TEL) to multicomponent liquid fuels. The experimental results show that the droplet evaporation rate increases significantly with the increase of ambient temperature. Higher temperature leads to more significant relationships between the composition ratio and the evaporation rate. The effect of forced convection is not obviously under the circumstance in this paper. Then, the evaporation models were validated by experimental data. In general, the new NC-TEL model behaves better than the Ranz-Marshall (R-M) model, and the prediction accuracy at high temperature is improved by 8% to 35%. In lower temperature conditions, the prediction of zero-diffusion NC-TEL model is better than the infinite diffusion NC-TEL model. In high-temperature conditions, for n-heptane-ethanol droplet, the predictions of NC-TEL model are accurate, but for n-decane/RP-3 aviation kerosene-ethanol, the predictions are lower than experimental results. This may be caused by the micro-explosion phenomenon and the Marangoni phenomenon.     

Optimization and design of an aircraft's morphing wing-tip demonstrator for drag reduction at low speeds,Part Ⅱ-Experimental validation using Infra-Red transition measurement from Wind Tunnel tests

In the present paper, an ‘in-house' genetic algorithm was numerically and experimentally validated. The genetic algorithm was applied to an optimization problem for improving the aerodynamic performances of an aircraft wing tip through upper surface morphing. The optimization was performed for 16 flight cases expressed in terms of various combinations of speeds, angles of attack and aileron deflections. The displacements resulted from the optimization were used during the wind tunnel tests of the wing tip demonstrator for the actuators control to change the upper surface shape of the wing. The results of the optimization of the flow behavior for the airfoil morphing upper-surface problem were validated with wind tunnel experimental transition results obtained with infra-red Thermography on the wing-tip demonstrator. The validation proved that the 2D numerical optimization using the ‘in-house' genetic algorithm was an appropriate tool in improving various aspects of a wing's aerodynamic performances.     

Experimental characteristics of oblique shock train upstream propagation

The structure and dynamics of an oblique shock train in a duct model are investigated experimentally in a hypersonic wind tunnel. Measurements of the pressure distribution in front of and across the oblique shock train have been taken and the dynamics of upstream propagation of the oblique shock train have been analyzed from the synchronized schlieren imaging with the dynamic pressure measurements. The formation and propagation of the oblique shock train are ini-tiated by the throttling device at the downstream end of the duct model. Multiple reflected shocks, expansion fans and separated flow bubbles exist in the unthrottled flow, causing three adverse-pressure-gradient phases and three favorable-pressure-gradient phases upstream the oblique shock train. The leading edge of the oblique shock train propagates upstream, and translates to be asym-metric with the increase of backpressure. The upstream propagation rate of the oblique shock train increases rapidly when the leading edge of the oblique shock train encounters the separation bubble near the shock reflection point and the adverse-pressure-gradient phase, while the oblique shock train slow movement when the leading edge of the oblique shock train is in the favorable-pressure-gradient phase for unthrottled flow. The asymmetric flow pattern and oscillatory nature of the oblique shock train are observed throughout the whole upstream propagation process.     

民用飞机风挡表面对流换热系数的校核

适航条款要求在结冰条件下,应确保风挡表面不能结冰,防止影响飞行员视界。因此应确定结冰条件下具有足够的电加热功率使风挡表面温度高于冰点(零度),而影响加热功率的关键因素是外表面的对流换热系数。为了获得准确的对流换热系数,在低速风洞中测量了不同工况下风挡表面对流换热系数,并利用CFD方法建立了一个仿真风洞模型,计算试验工况下的风挡表面对流换热系数,通过测量值来校核CFD的计算值,获得一个修正方法,最终使用这个修正方法计算获得其他工况下的对流换热系数。     

基于风洞试验的飞机侧风环境停放稳定性研究

根据风洞试验结果对某型号民用飞机在大侧风(风速大于35m/ s)情况下停放时的稳定性进行了研究与分析,发现当飞机在正侧风(侧风水平方向与机身垂直)作用下有较大的上仰力矩产生,导致机头上翘或有上翘的趋势。通过“部件组拆法”发现飞机垂尾的干扰使得平尾产生了一个抬头力矩,致使飞机存在倾倒的可能。试验后,通过CFD 仿真模拟计算分析了在侧风情况下机身表面的压力分布,并进行了相关的解释,作为对风洞试验的分析和补充。     

高超声速风洞气动力试验技术进展

高超声速技术是未来航空航天技术的制高点,而高超声速风洞气动力试验是为高超声速飞行器设计和性能评估提供可靠数据不可或缺的重要技术手段。介绍了高超声速气动力试验设备种类和国内外典型的风洞设备,并分析了目前的发展现状。对国内高超声速风洞气动力试验相关测量技术、试验技术、试验数据评估和高超声速气动力标模体系等研究进展进行了总结。同时,还就高超声速气动力试验设备、气动力试验相关技术的未来发展趋势进行了探讨。     

高超声速气动力试验模拟参数选取准则

高超声速气动力试验模拟准则的有效性问题阻碍了飞行器气动性能预测能力的发展。鉴于此,将尺度化方法应用于实验空气动力学领域,基于连续流域高超声速流动的双尺度特点,对各参数选取适当的尺度将流动控制方程尺度化。针对典型飞行状态,通过计算尺度化方程中各系数的量级,获取高超声速气动力试验模拟参数的选择准则。研究表明:建立的模拟参数选取方法为现有的高超声速气动力试验模拟准则提供了理论支持,模拟参数的选取准则随飞行条件发生显著改变。应用理论分析方法验证了黏性干扰参数是高马赫数高超声速气动力试验中的重要模拟参数,并与国外关于黏性干扰效应关联区域的结论进行了相互验证。     

亚跨超风洞现代试验设计方法研究

开展了基于现代试验设计方法(MDOE)的亚跨超风洞试验研究,以八号标模尾翼为试验对象研究其气动特性,采用同时改变攻角-侧滑角的多变量方法,而不是传统的单变量(OFAT)方法进行试验。对自变量攻角和侧滑角进行试验设计(DOE),应用响应面法建模,用IV-最优方法对测量点分布进行设计。在FD-12亚跨超风洞完成了试验,并和传统的OFAT方法结果进行比较分析。结果表明:MDOE方法获得的数据和传统的OFAT方法的数据吻合很好;MDOE采集样点数减少了46%,吹风的时间比OFAT减少30%左右,提高了风洞试验效率,缩短了试验周期;MDOE试验方法可以给出设计空间内任意给定自变量对应的响应值及其置信区间。     

跨声速风洞全模颤振试验技术

介绍了跨声速全模颤振试验的发展现状和存在的问题。探讨了全模颤振试验对风洞和支撑系统等试验设备的要求。对于风洞,主要从风洞洞体和流场等方面分析了进行颤振试验所需要具备的性能,并以中国空气动力研究与发展中心的2.4m跨声速风洞为例,介绍了进行颤振试验必须要采取的控制措施。对于支撑系统,则从模型运动自由度、支撑系统稳定性和支撑系统频率等方面的要求,阐述了设计支撑系统的困难,并简要分析了目前国内外发展的多种全模颤振支撑系统的结构原理及其优缺点。然后介绍了系统安全的保证措施,包括支撑系统稳定性分析、风洞紧急停车控制系统和模型保护装置等。最后根据飞行器发展的需求,探讨了今后需要完善和发展的几个主要问题。