马尔科夫尼可夫规则机理的讨论

不对称烯烃与不对称试剂进行亲电加成反应时,遵守马尔科夫尼可夫规则,本文从生成碳正离子和环状高价正离子的两种反应途径对其反应机理加以讨论,并指出决定两种途径的主要因素.     

正压法音速喷嘴气体流量标准装置压力调节改造

正压法音速喷嘴气体流量标准装置由于能提供尽量接近使用工况的校准条件,近年得到了广泛的应用。但由于其前端采用空压机供气,系统压力不易控制。本文提供了一种解决系统压力波动和控制系统压力的方法。该方法采用稳压装置前加带反馈的流量调节阀。改造后系统压力可以得到很好的控制。     

逆流冷却罗茨鼓风机涡流与排气脉动的数值分析

运用计算流体动力学方法对逆流冷却在削弱罗茨鼓风机排气过程中存在的排气脉动方面进行了数值模拟,以动网格方法实现了计算域的变化并保证与转子旋转角度的匹配,在预进气与基元容积的动、静交接区域采用了非一致网格界面.对涡流与脉动流动瞬态特性的分析证明,逆流冷却可以避免排气口处的回流现象;在一个运行周期内,逆流冷却鼓风机的小脉动幅值仅为空冷鼓风机的20%～25%,这种小幅值脉动在降低排气气动噪声方面起重要作用.      

Planetary protection issues of private endeavours in research,exploration, and human access to space: An environmental economics approach to forward contamination

In light of the rapidly growing New Space Economy, the landscape of space exploration and development activities will certainly become much more complicated year by year. Relevant commercial space actors have already emerged, pushing the boundaries of entrepreneurial space ventures beyond the Earth-oriented upstream and downstream market segments and opening up the path towards the novel segments of space exploration, space resources utilization, and space research. Planetary protection is usually defined as a set of guidelines concerning the avoidance of bidirectional biological material exchange between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Recent success stories of established and new-entrant NewSpace actors, although posing no realistic planetary protection threat at present, clearly indicate that serious work needs to be done in order for the relevant guidelines to keep up with the rapid advances of the technology development cycles that occur within NewSpace companies. This need may become even more urgent, as space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies to target the currently underserved market segments of space research, exploration, and utilization. As of now, these capabilities were maintained solely by public space agencies; thus, all planetary protection priorities, strategies, and responsibilities were discussed, agreed-upon, and delegated for implementation among national and international working groups of public stakeholders. Although top-down regulations can be effective in controlling the quality and conformity of the deliverables of private subcontractors to public contractors, international planetary protection frameworks might need to evolve even beyond such unmet public-private interaction and partnership models. For this reason, this study did not focus on the legal and political issues of mandating NewSpace actors to adhere to planetary protection guidelines; rather, drawing from the field of sustainable development on Earth, an environmental economics approach was followed, with the goal of viewing the relationship between planetary protection and private space exploration and development as another “tragedy of the commons” problem that must be settled accordingly. After the problem’s framing, i.e. the conceptual presentation and synthesis of four extraterrestrial non-excludable goods, the initial approach of their total economic value, and the negative externalities of their exploitation, a discussion of the forward contamination mitigation costs was conducted. Drawing from the literature and using examples from both the terrestrial and aerospace sectors, a pre-emptive move was suggested: the establishment of a global industry consortium for the pre-competitive collaboration in forward contamination mitigation technologies, centered on an international planetary protection analogue program and its respective testbed facility.     

电负性气体等离子体推力器研究进展

目前广泛应用的电推力器中,大多采用加速单一正离子的方式来获得推力和相应比冲。该加速方式需要增设中和器,对喷射出的正离子进行中和以保持羽流电中性,否则将导致航天器自充电,对其通信和电子器件造成损害,并减弱加速场。为了简化系统结构,延长推力器寿命,提出了一种能够交替加速正、负离子来获得推力的电负性气体等离子体推力器。分析了该推力器的工作原理和加速过程,指明了包括电负性气体种类选取、电子过滤装置设计要求、如何施加周期性栅极偏置电压加速正、负离子以及合理诊断离子数密度等关键技术,为后续研究工作提供了参考。     

民用飞机经济评价的新方法

运用航空运输经济原理,探讨了飞机在寿命周期内经济性变化。在此基础上,使用工程经济的财务评价体系评价飞机经济性优劣。实践证明,用这种方法评价飞机经济性的结果是比较符合实际的。     

涡轮低压导向器优化前后气动性能对比实验研究

采用实验方法对某型弹用涡扇发动机涡轮低压导向器原型和改型进行了详细的低速风洞实验。改型在原型基础上增加了多种优化措施。针对低压导向器进口前的中间机匣过渡段具有较大子午扩张角的结构特点,改型采用了等速度梯度过渡曲线来改善机匣段的扩压流动。为了减少导向器叶栅内能量损失的增长,改型采用了正弯叶片、后部加载叶型以及其它综合措施。实验结果表明,改型低压导向器的气动性能显著提高,出口总压损失比原型相对减少14.7%,出口气流角沿叶高分布较原型均匀。几种减少损失的方法得到了合理的匹配。      

企业规模经济研究及其实证分析

本文论述了影响企业实现规模经济性的若干因素及确定企业经济规模的定量分析方法,并对航空某厂空调压缩机生产规模进行了实证分析。     

Measuring the economic benefits of a national planetary protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars: Results of a contingent valuation survey in Greece

The emergence of private space actors may soon enable the growth of the novel market segments of space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The interdisciplinary field of Planetary Protection has to keep up with these advances. Planetary Protection is defined as a set of guidelines that aim to prevent the forward contamination of celestial bodies with biological material from Earth and the backward contamination of the terrestrial biosphere with extraterrestrial biological material. As space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies for commercial access to space, significant questions are expected to be raised in the future with respect to potential forward and backward contamination issues, particularly with respect to activities between Earth and Mars. Although such private activities do not seem to pose a serious Planetary Protection threat at the moment, certain preparatory steps need to be taken in order to prudently inform the relevant policy-making procedures. This work describes the application of the Contingent Valuation Method, a useful tool of the environmental economics discipline, with the aim of demonstrating a novel approach to estimate the economic valuation of the external benefits of preventing forward and backward contamination between Earth and Mars. Particularly, via a survey specifically developed for this purpose, a set of questions are used to elicit the perceived economic value that respondents place on the prevention of forward and backward contamination; the survey is administered to a national probability sample in Greece, and the generated data is processed through statistical analysis. The Contingent Valuation Method is a popular and well-established stated preference valuation technique; these techniques are often the more suitable choice for ex-ante valuations of future changes, and are currently the only known approach to capture all the aspects of the economic value of non-market goods. Through an initial proof-of-concept in Greece, the goal of this work is to provide useful insights on the expected external benefits of a national Planetary Protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars, and to encourage a larger-scale application of this tool in other countries around the world.     

高空模拟试车台主被动引射方案数值研究

采用二维轴对称雷诺平均方程和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,对一大面积比火箭发动机高空模拟试车台在不同引射方案下发动机启动至稳定运行过程中不同室压下的流场结构进行了数值模拟.空间上采用二阶迎风格式进行耦合求解,时间上采用显式Runge-Kutta方法进行迭代推进.结果表明,采用启动段主动引射、主级段被动引射的...