Assessment of between-floor structural and topological properties on cognitive map development in multilevel built environments

The present study investigated cognitive map development in multilevel built environments. Three experiments were conducted in complex virtual buildings to examine the effects of five between-floor structural factors that may impede the accuracy of humans’ ability to build multilevel cognitive maps. Results from Experiments 1 and 2 (of three experiments) revealed that difficulties in developing multilevel cognitive maps are not solely caused by the z-axis offset, as is suggested in the literature, but are due to the factorial combination of a between-floor overlap and a z-axis offset. Results from Experiment 2 showed that this process becomes substantially more difficult when the reference directions between different floors have an angular offset from each other. Finally, results from Experiment 3 demonstrated that confusing between-floor heading shifts in aligned buildings did not make it reliably harder to build multilevel cognitive maps. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of theories of mental representations in multilayered three-dimensional spaces, as well as for architectural design.     

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical RP-3 in inclined pipe

Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer to supercritical RP-3 through the inclined tubes have been performed using LS k–e model embedded in Fluent. The physical properties of RP-3 were obtained using the generalized corresponding state laws based on the fourcomponent surrogate model. Mass flow rate is 0.3 g/s, system pressure is 3 MPa, inlet temperature is 373 K. Inclination of the inclined pipe varied from -90° to 90°, with heat flux varied from 300 k W/m~2 to 400 kW/m~2. Comparison between the calculated result and the experimental data indicates the range of error reasonable. The results of ±45° show that temperature inhomogeneity in inclined pipe produce the secondary flow in its cross section due to the buoyancy force. Depending on the strength of the temperature inhomogeneity, there will be two different forms of secondary flow and both contribute to the convective heat transfer in the pipe. The secondary flow intensity decreases when the inhomogeneity alleviates and thermal acceleration will play a leading role. It will have a greater impact on the turbulent flow to affect the convective heat transfer in the pipe. When changing the inclination, it affects the magnitude of the buoyant component in flow direction. The angle increases, the buoyancy component decreases. And the peak temperature of wall dominated by the secondary flow will move forward and increase in height.     

实物标准电阻器智能输出系统的研究

针对实物电阻器输出阻值的改变只能通过手动方式实施的问题,设计了一套智能控制系统,实现实物电阻器阻值的数字化输出。将多只四端标准电阻器以一定的排列顺序串联连接,利用四端标准电阻器的原理特点,所有串联电阻共用一对电位端,在每只电阻器的左右分别都有一个电流输出端,电流输出端线路中接入继电器控制开关,以控制继电器的开通闭合,来实现电阻器的不同组合输出。本系统经试用,性能稳定、准确度高、实时性好、适用范围广、试运行情况良好。     

A review of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites

SiCp/Al composites have excellent comprehensive properties and have been widely used in aerospace, automotive industry and other fields. Due to the huge difference in performance between SiC particles and matrix alloys, traditional fusion welding methods are difficult to meet the join requirements of SiCp/Al composites. Friction stir joining (friction stir welding), as a solid phase joining process, has been proved to be a new technology with fine prospect in joining SiCp/Al composites compared with fusion welding process. Although some progress has been made in recent years, there are still full of challenges. In this paper, the research status of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites in recent years is expatiated, including the weldability of SiCp/Al composites, the macrostructure and the microstructure of joints, mechanical properties of joints, and tool wear and monitoring. Furthermore, the existing challenges of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites are summarized and the future development directions are prospected.     

温度参数下轴编C/C复合材料的超高温热结构性能分析

为了研究轴编碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的超高温热结构性能,开展了2800℃超高温载荷下复合材料的拉伸实验,表征了复合材料组分材料的高温失效形貌;提出了立方体单胞和正六棱柱单胞的温度周期性边界条件的算法和预测复合材料等效热结构参数的方法,在材料属性各向同性正六棱柱单胞模型上验证了方法的正确性;最后建立了轴编C/C复合材料的代表性体积单元,计算了复合材料随温度载荷变化下的等效热结构参数,与实验数据进行了对比分析。分析表明：开展的轴编C/C复合材料的超高温拉伸实验,可以得到复合材料在2800℃载荷下复合材料的等效刚度值,同时分析了轴向试件和径向试件的高温失效机理,径向试件的纤维束拉伸强度对复合材料的径向拉伸强度起到决定性的作用。在应用位移以及温度周期性边界条件的基础上,提出的方法可以得到随温度载荷变化下复合材料的等效热结构参数,得出复合材料在横向满足近似各向同性的特性,预测结果表明只改变温度参数下复合材料的等效热导率不会发生改变。提出的方法同样也适用于其他编织复合材料的热结构性能研究。     

三维五向编织复合材料的冲击压缩特性及破坏机制

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)实验系统和高速摄像技术对三维五向碳/环氧编织复合材料的动态压缩特性进行研究。通过对编织角为22.3°的试样分别进行沿纵向和横向方向的冲击压缩实验,得到材料在200~1200 s^-1应变率范围内的应力应变曲线,并结合高速摄像记录的动态压缩过程,对不同应变率下材料在高速变形下的渐进破坏规律进行分析。同时,综合试样的宏观破坏特征和微观断口形貌特征,进一步分析材料的破坏模式及破坏机理。结果表明:随着应变率的增加,材料在纵向和横向均具有一定的应变率强化效应,在横向方向的应变率强化效应更为显著;不同加载方向下材料的渐进破坏过程、应力应变曲线特征以及破坏方式均具有明显差异,且随着应变率的增加而发生改变。     

电子束物理气相沉积LaZrCeO热障涂层微结构与热循环性能

热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)是一种由金属黏结层、热生长氧化物层和陶瓷面层组成的金属-陶瓷复合系统,在先进的航空发动机领域上引起了广泛的关注,但目前先进热障涂层的热循环寿命提升和失效行为研究仍然是一个难点。本研究采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(electron beam physical vapour deposition,EB-PVD)制备LaZrCeO/YSZ双陶瓷层热障涂层,研究热障涂层的相结构、显微组织和失效行为。结果表明:LaZrCeO/YSZ涂层为烧绿石与萤石结构组成的复合涂层材料,LaZrCeO/YSZ涂层的微观结构由羽毛状纳米结构和柱内孔隙组成;在1100℃热循环条件下,LaZrCeO/YSZ双陶瓷层热障涂层展现了良好的热循环寿命;热循环实验后,由于应力累积的作用裂纹在热生长氧化层(TGO)中萌生并扩展,包括水平裂纹和垂直裂纹两大类,进而引起整个涂层体系的不稳定,最终导致涂层失效。     

TIG补焊对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头微观组织及性能影响

通过对原始搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）接头中间位置进行缺口挖补以模拟焊缝缺陷,采用钨极氩弧焊（TIG）补焊对其进行焊缝缺陷修复试验,研究该补焊工艺对接头微观组织及力学性能的影响规律,为贮箱的FSW焊缝性能评价提供技术支撑和后续工程指导。结果表明,相较于FSW接头,补焊接头TIG焊缝区主要由较大的等轴树枝晶组成,且与FSW焊缝交界处相互掺杂着粗大等轴晶和细小等轴晶;补焊接头固溶区受热循环影响较大,晶粒较为粗大,而过时效区受热循环影响较小,会发生过时效化并形成软化区。补焊接头抗拉强度与延伸率相较于原始FSW接头有所降低,硬度分布大致呈“W”形,WNZ区为硬度值最低处;补焊接头断裂位置始于焊趾处,断口存在大量韧窝,同时韧窝内存在第二相粒子,呈现韧性断裂机制。     

F12/环氧复合材料力学性能研究

测定了Ｆ１２／环氧复合材料的基本力学性能,并比较了Ｆ１２纤维在单向板、强力环及薄壁容器中的纤维强度转化率。实验结果表明,Ｆ１２／环氧单向复合材料与其ＮＯＬ环的拉伸强度相近,而薄壁容器中的复合强度约为单向拉伸强度的６０％,但三种复合材料的纤维强度转化率相近,约为（７０．１±１．６）％。     

浸胶丝束拉伸强度统计分布研究

采用数理统计分析方法,定量比较浸胶丝束拉伸强度实验分布与理论正态分布和Weibull分布的偏离。结果表明,丝束强度分布受纤维种类和基体性能影响。在95％置信度下,浸胶丝束强度分布既可用正态分布描述,也可用Weibull分布描述;但随着基体韧性的提高,浸胶丝束强度分布呈现由正态分布向Weibull分布过渡的趋势。