变压器经济运行误区解析

变压器损耗在电力系统能量损耗中占有很大的比例,因此,开展变压器经济运行是促进并实现电力系统经济运行的必要环节。但是,对于变压器节能运行,部分人还存在一些认识上的误区。通过运用变压器经济运行理论,系统地纠正了现阶段普遍存在的几个典型的错误观点。     

Crop productivities and radiation use efficiencies for bioregenerative life support

NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center was decommissioned in 1998, but several crop tests were conducted that have not been reported in the open literature. These include several monoculture studies with wheat, soybean, potato, lettuce, and tomato. For all of these studies, either 10 or 20 m² of plants were grown in an atmospherically closed chamber (113 m³ vol.) using a hydroponic nutrient film technique along with elevated CO₂ (1000 or 1200 μmol mol⁻¹). Canopy light (PAR) levels ranged from 17 to 85 mol m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the species and photoperiod. Total biomass (DM) productivities reached 39.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 27.2 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 19.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 15.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean, and 7.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce. Edible biomass (DM) productivities reached 18.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 11.3 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 9.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 7.1 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce, and 6.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean. The corresponding radiation (light) use efficiencies for total biomass were 0.64 g mol⁻¹ PAR for potato, 0.59 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, 0.51 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.46 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, and 0.43 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. Radiation use efficiencies for edible biomass were 0.44 g mol⁻¹ for potato, 0.42 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, 0.25 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.17 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, and 0.16 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. By initially growing seedlings at a dense spacing and then transplanting them to the final production area could have saved about 12 d in each production cycle, and hence improved edible biomass productivities and radiation use efficiencies by 66% for lettuce (to 11.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.70 g mol⁻¹), 16% for tomato (to 11.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹and 0.29 g mol⁻¹), 13% for soybean (to 6.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.19 g mol⁻¹), and 13% for potato (to 20.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.50 g mol⁻¹). Since wheat was grown at higher densities, transplanting seedlings would not have improved yields. Tests with wheat resulted in a relatively low harvest index of 29%, which may have been caused by ethylene or other organic volatile compounds (VOCs) accumulating in the chamber. Assuming a higher harvest index of 40% could be achieved by scrubbing VOCs, productivity of wheat seed could have been improved nearly 40% to 15.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and edible biomass radiation use efficiency to 0.30 g mol⁻¹.     

压电陶瓷柱体中裂纹前缘场分析

为了揭示含裂纹的压电陶瓷介质在机械载荷作用下裂纹前缘的力学和电学的奇异行为，以一承受扭矩的压电陶瓷柱体为例，求得了其中所含的圆币形裂纹前缘的应力场和电场移场。     

湿滑道面飞机轮胎临界滑水速度计算方法比较

以美国国家航空航天局(NASA)临界滑水速度计算公式为基础,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)算法建立动流场冲击原地转动轮胎分析模型,并由NASA公式及试验数据验证了模型的正确性及NASA公式在重轴载高胎压范围的适用性。进而考虑实际道面积水状态,建立滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型,探讨实际积水状态对临界滑水速度的影响。通过两类模型对比分析得出:两类模型的轮胎-水膜相互作用机理不同,相同速度和胎压下,后者在轮胎前缘形成的动水压强峰值明显高于前者,表明滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型中轮胎受到动水压强抬升作用更为显著,且相同速度条件下,滚动轮胎冲击静流场分析模型计算的竖向支撑力和临界滑水速度始终低于动流场冲击滚动轮胎的结果,表明该模型计算结果偏于安全,更适用于飞机高速滑行中轮胎-水膜相互作用分析。据此,提出了基于道面积水状态的临界滑水速度计算公式。     

基于最大序列相关性的Turbo码交织器识别

针对现有算法在Turbo码交织器识别中存在低信噪比适应性差，且识别性能随交织长度增加而急剧恶化的缺点，提出了基于最大校正序列相关的识别算法。该算法首先利用已识别的交织位置序列对每一帧交织位置上的信息序列进行估计，通过遍历可能的交织位置，并作互相关运算，当遍历位置为交织映射关系时，该位置上的数据序列与估计序列具有最大的相似度，从而完成交织位置识别；然后充分利用这些交织位置上的序列，分别估计出校正数据序列，将校正的序列再与原始序列叠加，完成码元校正，直到所有的交织关系识别完成。所提算法直接利用了截获的软判决信息，同时能够实现码元校正，这就克服了以往算法的两个缺点。仿真结果表明，在信噪比为-1 dB，交织长度为1024时，所提出算法仅仅需要1000数据帧，就能达到100%的识别率，与以往算法相比，性能提升2~3 dB，同时完成一次可靠识别所需的数据量仅需以往算法的1/4。     

CAT软件“几何测量”处理功能及其组合使用

简要介绍了在JX13B微机型万能显微镜上使用CAT软件“几何测量”中各功能和将各单个功能相互组合使用进行几何量精密测量的原理、方法和程序操作.     

Cowpeas and pinto beans: Performance and yields of candidate space crops in the laboratory biosphere closed ecological system

An experiment utilizing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat (Triticum sativa L.) was conducted in the soil-based closed ecological facility, Laboratory Biosphere, from February to May 2005. The lighting regime was 13 h light/11 h dark at a light intensity of 960 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 45 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ supplied by high-pressure sodium lamps. The pinto beans and cowpeas were grown at two different planting densities. Pinto bean production was 341.5 g dry seed m⁻² (5.42 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 579.5 dry seed m⁻² (9.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 32.5 plants m⁻² and 37.5 plants m⁻², respectively. Cowpea yielded 187.9 g dry seed m⁻² (2.21 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 348.8 dry seed m⁻² (4.10 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 20.8 plants m⁻² and 27.7 plants m⁻², respectively. The crop was grown at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, with levels ranging from 300–3000 ppm daily during the majority of the crop cycle. During early stages (first 10 days) of the crop, CO₂ was allowed to rise to 7860 ppm while soil respiration dominated, and then was brought down by plant photosynthesis. CO₂ was injected 27 times during days 29–71 to replenish CO₂ used by the crop during photosynthesis. Temperature regime was 24–28 °C day/deg 20–24 °C night. Pinto bean matured and was harvested 20 days earlier than is typical for this variety, while the cowpea, which had trouble establishing, took 25 days more for harvest than typical for this variety. Productivity and atmospheric dynamic results of these studies contribute toward the design of an envisioned ground-based test bed prototype Mars base.     

可用于航天助推发射的高温超导磁悬浮技术

为了满足低成本、高安全可靠的可重复使用航天运载器发展需要,磁悬浮助推发射技术以其高地面起飞速度,提供了一种可能的技术途径。设计和研究了一种永磁导轨与高温超导体作用形成的磁悬浮系统。通过建立磁悬浮单元准静态力测试系统,分析了块状高温超导体在永磁导轨上方不同位置作用的悬浮特性。然后建立高温超导磁悬浮缩比研究试验平台,其包括4个磁悬浮单元和7米双永磁导轨。通过测试和分析试验平台在不同场冷高度和载荷条件下的悬浮特性,得出低场冷高度有利于提高磁悬浮发射装置的横向稳定性。     

基于运营要求的民用飞机概念设计参数优化

可靠性、经济性和环保性是民用飞机设计必须考虑的运营要求,通过系统研究签派可靠度估算模型、全寿命周期成本和碳排放量模型,构成多目标函数。同时,根据民用飞机实际运营中需要满足的性能要求,建立约束限制条件,最终形成多目标优化模型,然后采用遗传算法实现对优化模型的寻优计算。以A320机型为例,针对不同设计目标进行优化计算。优化结果表明遗传算法的优化方法可行,可为民用飞机概念设计参数的选取提供参考。     

系统工程在大型客机运行支持系统研制中的应用综述

将商用飞机系统思想应用于产品运行支持系统研制过程中，从利益攸关方需要定义、功能分析、需求定义和适航约束限制、系统架构定义、接口定义、设计综合、验证确认到运行评审，完整地分析了产品运行支持系统研制的全过程，并给出产品运行支持系统全生命周期过程的模型与定义。该方法可以有效地将大型客机产品运行顶层需求分解至产品研制和运行支持系统研制需求中，并且通过过程集成以及技术集成将运行支持系统研制与飞机研制相结合，从而保证大型客机在满足适航型号合格审定（TC）和航空器评审（AEG）要求的同时，能够满足客户实际运行安全性和经济性需求。