Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan

The magnetospheric imaging instrument (MIMI) is a neutral and charged particle detection system on the Cassini orbiter spacecraft designed to perform both global imaging and in-situ measurements to study the overall configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn’s atmosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites. The processes responsible for Saturn’s aurora will be investigated; a search will be performed for substorms at Saturn; and the origins of magnetospheric hot plasmas will be determined. Further, the Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus will be imaged during Jupiter flyby. The investigative approach is twofold. (1) Perform remote sensing of the magnetospheric energetic (E > 7 keV) ion plasmas by detecting and imaging charge-exchange neutrals, created when magnetospheric ions capture electrons from ambient neutral gas. Such escaping neutrals were detected by the Voyager l spacecraft outside Saturn’s magnetosphere and can be used like photons to form images of the emitting regions, as has been demonstrated at Earth. (2) Determine through in-situ measurements the 3-D particle distribution functions including ion composition and charge states (E > 3 keV/e). The combination of in-situ measurements with global images, together with analysis and interpretation techniques that include direct “forward modeling’’ and deconvolution by tomography, is expected to yield a global assessment of magnetospheric structure and dynamics, including (a) magnetospheric ring currents and hot plasma populations, (b) magnetic field distortions, (c) electric field configuration, (d) particle injection boundaries associated with magnetic storms and substorms, and (e) the connection of the magnetosphere to ionospheric altitudes. Titan and its torus will stand out in energetic neutral images throughout the Cassini orbit, and thus serve as a continuous remote probe of ion flux variations near 20R _S (e.g., magnetopause crossings and substorm plasma injections). The Titan exosphere and its cometary interaction with magnetospheric plasmas will be imaged in detail on each flyby. The three principal sensors of MIMI consists of an ion and neutral camera (INCA), a charge–energy–mass-spectrometer (CHEMS) essentially identical to our instrument flown on the ISTP/Geotail spacecraft, and the low energy magnetospheric measurements system (LEMMS), an advanced design of one of our sensors flown on the Galileo spacecraft. The INCA head is a large geometry factor (G ∼ 2.4 cm² sr) foil time-of-flight (TOF) camera that separately registers the incident direction of either energetic neutral atoms (ENA) or ion species (≥5^∘ full width half maximum) over the range 7 keV/nuc < E < 3 MeV/nuc. CHEMS uses electrostatic deflection, TOF, and energy measurement to determine ion energy, charge state, mass, and 3-D anisotropy in the range 3 ≤ E ≤ 220 keV/e with good (∼0.05 cm² sr) sensitivity. LEMMS is a two-ended telescope that measures ions in the range 0.03 ≤ E ≤ 18 MeV and electrons 0.015 ≤ E≤ 0.884 MeV in the forward direction (G ∼ 0.02 cm² sr), while high energy electrons (0.1–5 MeV) and ions (1.6–160 MeV) are measured from the back direction (G ∼ 0.4 cm² sr). The latter are relevant to inner magnetosphere studies of diffusion processes and satellite microsignatures as well as cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). Our analyses of Voyager energetic neutral particle and Lyman-α measurements show that INCA will provide statistically significant global magnetospheric images from a distance of ∼60 R _S every 2–3 h (every ∼10 min from ∼20 R _S). Moreover, during Titan flybys, INCA will provide images of the interaction of the Titan exosphere with the Saturn magnetosphere every 1.5 min. Time resolution for charged particle measurements can be < 0.1 s, which is more than adequate for microsignature studies. Data obtained during Venus-2 flyby and Earth swingby in June and August 1999, respectively, and Jupiter flyby in December 2000 to January 2001 show that the instrument is performing well, has made important and heretofore unobtainable measurements in interplanetary space at Jupiter, and will likely obtain high-quality data throughout each orbit of the Cassini mission at Saturn. Sample data from each of the three sensors during the August 18 Earth swingby are shown, including the first ENA image of part of the ring current obtained by an instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Similarily, measurements in cis-Jovian space include the first detailed charge state determination of Iogenic ions and several ENA images of that planet’s magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

城市化发展的阶段性及其规律研究

文章提出了城市化发展一般经历初级、中级和高级三个阶段，并提出了城市化发展的一般规律；农业发展是城市化的初始动力，资本扩张是城市化的原动力，市场机制是加速城市化进程的基础性机制，大城市超前增长，城市经济要与农村经济协调发展，乡村人口进入城市门坎的高低直接影响着城市化的速度和水平。     

直角切口柔性铰链平行四杆机构的屈曲分析

 介绍了研究柔性铰链机构屈曲特性的重要意义。利用材料力学弯曲变形理论的挠曲线近似微分方程建立了计算直角切口柔性铰链平行四杆机构屈曲临界力的数学模型。在简单可靠的实验装置上测试了实际样件的屈曲临界力，并利用商用有限元软件ANSYS 8.0对相应的四杆机构模型进行了非线性屈曲分析。最终结果表明：理论值、实验值以及仿真值都十分接近，但仍存在一定的误差，通过原因分析，证实了存在这种误差的合理性，从而验证了所建数学模型具有较高的参考价值，可以作为柔性铰链平行四杆机构屈曲优化设计的指导理论。     

基于牛顿欧拉法的3-RPS并联机构逆动力学分析

 以3-RPS机构为例，研究了对称少自由度并联机构的逆动力学问题。因其自由度数目小于6，该类机构的支链不仅传递驱动力，同时还需为动平台提供约束。然而，现有文献大多未对广义约束力给予足够的重视。采用牛顿欧拉法建立了3-RPS机构的刚体动力学方程，给定动平台的运动规律及外载荷后，可一并求解机构所需的驱动力与约束力矩。算例仿真表明，与动平台自由速度方向不一致的外载荷主要需由约束力矩平衡。因此，在对称少自由度并联机构动力学设计中，必须计入广义约束力的影响。     

粘流与无粘流的相互作用计算

本文总结了粘流/无粘流的各种计算方法和结果。重点在于介绍定常流动中的弱相互作用。首先叙述了弱相互作用的数学模型。给出了不可压流动和跨音速流动中粘流/无粘流相互作用的某些正耦合的计算结果。讨论了在分离区附近边界层正方法失效的原因。然后介绍了边界层反方法和适用于带分离的流动中半反方法耦合的粘流/无粘流的相互作用方法。文中也简单地总结了三维情况的应用和强相互作用。     

接触焊机理的探索

探讨了接触焊的机理，提出了以电位差选择电极材料的原则，以及焊接处的接触电阻和母材内阻在焊接中有一定作用，而且焊接处的总热能是各种能量产生的热量之和，焊接的总热量也应包括通电加热产生的热量和断电后（锻压时）产生的热量。     

先进的变载吸能器

传统的定载吸能器以50百分位男性乘员满足95％生存率为条件设计，它不能为全体乘员提供保护，变载吸能器能够根据乘员重量而调节动作载荷，为全体乘员提供最合理的保护，同时可以大大降低吸能器的冲击行程。     

共轴式直升机旋翼气动干扰对航向操纵的影响

利用共轴式旋翼风洞实验结果，结合轻型共轴式直升机M16飞行中的现象，分析了上下旋翼气动干扰对共轴式直升机过渡飞行中航向操纵的影响。介绍了直升机由悬停转入垂直上升、平飞中加减速和转入爬升与下滑等过程中，由于上下旋翼干扰发生了变化，使直升机航向发生偏转后飞机的反应情况，以及在这种情况下应进行的相应操纵。所得结果对研究共轴式直升机的操稳特性有重要意义。     

构建现代企业制度下的激励机制

国有企业改革的关键是要构建现代企业制度,而激励机制的陈旧落后将严重制约现代企业活力的发挥。本文结合我国过去计划经济体制下国有企业存在的激励问题,探讨了新时期构建现代企业制度下的激励机制的思路。     

CAPP中加工方法选择研究

研究在ＣＡＰＰ系统中，通过建立加工方法的知识库以及相关的推理机构，来实现对机械零件各表面的加工方法选择。