Self-perspiration garment for extravehicular activity improves skin cooling effects without raising humidity

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.     

纵向通风公路隧道空气污染浓度适时预报算法

公路隧道空气污染模型的计算通常采用有限体积法,耗时费力,在通风系统的动态调控中不易使用.根据隧道内污染物浓度沿隧道长度近似线性分布的特点,从二阶偏微分方程表示的隧道通风污染模型中推导出了动态预测隧道出口空气污染物浓度的线性迭代方程,对方程中新出现的变量提出了可行的计算方法,同时对方程所描述的物理过程进行了解释．用西汉高速秦岭隧道内的CO浓度的实测数据对方程进行了验证,发现此方程能够在离线的情况下粗略预报隧道出口CO浓度值．为进一步改善预报精度,利用实测数据对上述方程进行修正,提出了一种带有观测误差修正的预报算法,并用现场数据对修正后的预报算法进行验证,结果表明修正后的预报算法能够更准确地在线预测隧道出口实际CO浓度值．     

单一压力容器镍氢电池组几何参数对其温度场的影响

 针对实际空间用单一压力容器(IPV)镍氢电池组的传热特点,建立其瞬态热分析的数学物理仿真模型。通过设计改变电池组几何参数,包括电池组底板厚度、套筒高度和厚度,采用有限差分法,对比模拟研究电池组在飞船实际运行条件下几何参数对其温度场的影响。结果表明：套筒厚度对电池组温度场的影响最为敏感,增大套筒厚度可明显缩短电池组热系统达到平衡态的响应时间;其次是套筒高度;改变底板厚度对电池组温度场变化影响不明显。该研究为镍氢电池组的结构优化和热控制研究提供理论基础。     

基于单学科可行法的多学科可靠性设计优化

 近年来对多学科系统中不确定性的研究逐渐增多。针对该问题的计算复杂性,利用序列优化及可靠性评估（SORA）框架,提出用单学科可行（IDF）方法来求解多学科可靠性设计优化（RBMDO）问题。此方法将可靠性分析和多学科设计优化分离开来,分为确定性多学科设计优化和可靠性分析两个问题顺序执行,以提高计算效率。可靠性分析和优化的过程都采用多学科设计优化中高效的方法——IDF方法。最后通过例子验证此方法的有效性,算例结果表明,采用基于IDF的方法,学科1和学科2所用的函数计算次数分别减少了28.9%和25.0%。     

Orbital phase spectroscopy of four high mass X-ray binary pulsars to study the stellar wind of the companion

Our work focuses on a comprehensive orbital phase-dependent spectroscopy of the four High Mass X-ray Binary Pulsars (HMXBPs) 4U 1538-52, GX 301-2, OAO 1657-415 and Vela X-1. We hereby report the measurements of the variation of the absorption column density and iron-line flux along with other spectral parameters over the binary orbit for the above-mentioned HMXBPs in elliptical orbits, as observed with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and the BeppoSAX satellites. A spherically symmetric wind profile was used as a model to compare the observed column density variations. Out of the four pulsars, only in 4U 1538-52, we find the model having a reasonable corroboration with the observations, whereas in the remaining three the stellar wind seems to be clumpy and a smooth symmetric stellar wind model appears to be quite inadequate in explaining the data. Moreover, in GX 301-2, neither the presence of a disk nor a gas stream from the companion was validated. Furthermore, the spectral results obtained in the case of OAO 1657-415 and Vela X-1 were more or less similar to that of GX 301-2.     

基于分布式并行遗传算法的电力系统无功优化

针对传统遗传算法寻优质量差、计算时间长的问题,提出了基于计算机集群的一种新的分布式并行遗传算法解决电力系统无功优化问题.采用遗传模拟退火算法和分布式并行计算MPI(Message Passing Interface)技术,实现多进程的分布式集群计算.该算法通过个体迁移策略来协调优化各个子种群,使用计算效率来判断计算负载状态,采用动态种群来进行负载平衡.通过运用标准测试算例IEEE14节点和一个实际电力系统的无功优化计算,结果表明这种算法具有很高的稳定性,有较好的并行效率,适合求解大规模电力系统的无功优化问题.      

飞行器多学科设计优化中的灵敏度分析方法研究

近年来,在飞行器设计领域,多学科设计优化(MDO)方法得到了高度重视。灵敏度分析技术作为MDO的关键技术之一,被认为是处理飞行器MDO研究中四个复杂性问题的有力工具。本文对适用于飞行器MDO的灵敏度分析方法进行了系统研究。首先介绍了多种学科灵敏度分析方法,阐述了各种方法的原理,比较了各种方法的优缺点。在此基础上,进一步探讨了几种常用的系统灵敏度分析方法。最后,总结了各种灵敏度分析方法在飞行器MDO中应用的原则,并对发展适用性更广的广义灵敏度分析方法提出了建议。     

可靠性试验中通风冷却剖面的探讨

结合国家军用标准和飞机环控系统的特点对机载电子设备实际使用中的通风冷却条件进行了研究,结合产品的寿命剖面、任务剖面,针对不同任务的环境条件、飞行高度和飞行马赫数等条件,对产品在可靠性试验中通风冷却应力的施加进行了探索性研究,对现行标准中存在的问题进行了对比研究,阐述了在可靠性试验过程中如何模拟其实际使用中的通风冷却条件,制定出合理、可行的通风冷却试验剖面(包括通风气体流量、温度、湿度和洁净度等参数的确定方法).以具体产品为例,通过对产品实际使用中的通风情况进行研究,得出了其可靠性试验中与温度剖面相对应的通风冷却剖面(包括通风气体的参数以及施加的时间).