反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题

获得航天器在轨飞行过程中的外热流数据对于研究热控涂层在轨退化规律、各种空间因素对热控产品的影响以及航天器姿轨控发动机羽流热效应都有非常重要的意义,然而直接测量热流存在很多困难,因此可以通过求解导热反问题得到满足一定精度的结果.首先,通过研究利用航天器设备在轨遥测温度值反演出航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题方法,建立了反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的数学模型,采用共轭梯度法求解导热反问题并从物理概念角度改进了共轭梯度法的迭代过程以增加其抗不适定性;然后构造了两组能够代表目前大多数地球轨道航天器以及深空探测航天器在轨吸收外热流变化的数值试验对共轭梯度法的反演效果进行了检验.除阶跃变化位置以外反演值与真实值的最大相对偏差为2.9%,反演效果非常好;对于阶跃变化位置的吸收外热流在对反演结果进行分析处理后也能够得到较好的反演结果.      

A swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps

In order to apply the air fin successfully and ensure the maneuverability of hypersonic vehicle, a key problem to be studied urgently is the heat flux brought by the fin mounting gap. The appearance of mounting gap and fin shaft can induce many complex flow structures which need more attentions to be investigated. Under Ma 6, Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature Sensitive Paints (TSP) were applied to visualize and measure transient flow structures and heat flux distribution of a swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps. Complementarily, Reynolds-averaged N-S equations were solved with k-ω SST turbulent model. The heat flux distribution results of numerical simulation and TSP observed the change of high heat flux region with different mounting gap, both in position and magnitude. The streamlines based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization results obtained by NPLS revealed the cause of high heat flux region. The high heat flux region in this flow field is mainly related to the reattachment of vortex and flow stagnation. The increase of gap height can lead to stronger gap overflow and shaft-induced horseshoe vortex, which are source of the high heat flux around the fin. The case with the highest mounting gap (4 mm) en-counters the most severe aerodynamic heating, both on the surface of fin and plate. Thus, under the premise of ensuring the flexibility of the fin, the gap should be set as small as possible.     

基于跟踪微分器的高超声速飞行器Backstepping控制

针对存在模型参数不确定和外部干扰的高超声速飞行器（HFV）跟踪控制问题,提出一种基于Backstepping方法的抗饱和非线性控制器。将飞行器纵向动力学模型分为速度子系统和航迹倾角子系统,然后针对每个子系统单独设计控制器。设计跟踪微分器获得信号的一阶导数,用以估计系统中的不确定干扰项和避免"微分项膨胀"问题。控制器设计过程考虑了控制量发生饱和的情况。基于Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统信号的稳定性。与传统高超声速飞行器Backstepping方法相比,所设计的控制器采用待跟踪状态与理想控制指令之间的实际误差作为反馈量,放宽了对系统干扰项的限制,提高了控制器对控制增益变化的适应性,进而提高了闭环系统的跟踪控制性能。对比仿真结果验证了所设计方法的有效性。     

Disturbance observer-based backstepping control for hypersonic flight vehicles without use of measured flight path angle

In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

敏捷型卫星的相机外热流变化及其抑制措施效果分析

文章根据空间外热流理论建立了敏捷型遥感卫星的空间相机外热流计算模型,针对相机的外热流变化情况,选择典型计算工况并对其外热流特性进行了仿真分析,得出了工作模式及卫星姿态变化对相机主要部件热流的影响。为解决外热流分布不均和波动剧烈问题,提出了加长相机遮光罩和加装热防护门2种抑制方案,并对方案的效果进行了分析评价。     

基于干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器预测控制器设计

针对具有强耦合特性与模型不确定性特点的高超声飞行器控制问题,提出一种新型的姿态预测控制器设计方法。引入参考模型,建立了飞行器姿态预测控制模型。基于此,利用预测理论设计了飞行器的预测控制器,同时设计了干扰观测器实时观测外界未知干扰来进行补偿控制,从而实现滚动优化的目的;基于干扰观测值与真值的误差,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论,确定了控制精度与预测步长大小的关系;最后,在参数标称与拉偏的情形下进行了高超声速飞行器姿态控制系统仿真,仿真结果表明,干扰观测器能快速跟踪干扰,并且所设计的预测步长可以满足飞行器高精度的控制要求。     

小卫星全被动热设计及其验证技术

结合实例对全被动热控设计的小卫星热控特点进行分析。热相对稳定及整星良好的等温化是实现全被动热控设计的有利条件。对于全被动热控设计的小卫星,尤其应关注设计细节,如外露表面、工艺差异等影响。对重要参数或者变化的不确定参数进行敏感性分析有助于把握设计的适应性。针对具有复杂构型的航天器,提出了试验外热流量化分析方法,解决了地面热试验时外热流模拟困难的问题,可避免地面试验外热流设计的盲目性。     

火箭发动机气体-颗粒两相流双流体模型研究

探讨了两相流双流体模型中颗粒相压强、两相界面压强以及两相界面速度等若干关键问题,从理论上推导了双流体模型的控制方程,并讨论了颗粒相控制方程的双曲性.把LU隐式时间格式和Van-Leer矢通量分裂格式应用到两相流双流体模型中,并对一维等截面传热摩擦管道和轴对称JPL喷管中气固两相流进行了计算,计算结果与文献结果吻合良好,所建数学模型正确,所用数值计算方法可靠.     

薄膜电阻温度计原理性误差分析及数据处理方法研究

薄膜电阻温度计是高超声速测热试验中一种常用的传感器,多用于激波风洞中.改进薄膜电阻温度计测热数据的后处理方法,分析其原理性误差,提出修正方法,可以进一步提高热流测量精度,为防热设计提供可靠数据.应用三维热传导理论,考虑热流和温升的耦合影响,计算了气动加热条件下薄膜电阻温度计结构温升情况,得到了铂层内的温度分布规律,并与一维半无限简化理论得到的薄膜电阻温度计表层温度相互对比,得到了模型简化带来的原理性误差;建立了由表面温升计算表面热流的导热反问题计算方法,与经典的Cook-Felderman处理公式和热电模拟网络处理方法相互对比,提出了修止热流值的方法,为提高热流测量精度提供了一种可行的手段.