Sleep and cognitive function of crewmembers and mission controllers working 24-h shifts during a simulated 105-day spaceflight mission

The success of long-duration space missions depends on the ability of crewmembers and mission support specialists to be alert and maintain high levels of cognitive function while operating complex, technical equipment. We examined sleep, nocturnal melatonin levels and cognitive function of crewmembers and the sleep and cognitive function of mission controllers who participated in a high-fidelity 105-day simulated spaceflight mission at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Moscow). Crewmembers were required to perform daily mission duties and work one 24-h extended duration work shift every sixth day. Mission controllers nominally worked 24-h extended duration shifts. Supplemental lighting was provided to crewmembers and mission controllers. Participants' sleep was estimated by wrist-actigraphy recordings. Overall, results show that crewmembers and mission controllers obtained inadequate sleep and exhibited impaired cognitive function, despite countermeasure use, while working extended duration shifts. Crewmembers averaged 7.04±0.92 h (mean±SD) and 6.94±1.08 h (mean±SD) in the two workdays prior to the extended duration shifts, 1.88±0.40 h (mean±SD) during the 24-h work shift, and then slept 10.18±0.96 h (mean±SD) the day after the night shift. Although supplemental light was provided, crewmembers’ average nocturnal melatonin levels remained elevated during extended 24-h work shifts. Naps and caffeine use were reported by crewmembers during ∼86% and 45% of extended night work shifts, respectively. Even with reported use of wake-promoting countermeasures, significant impairments in cognitive function were observed. Mission controllers slept 5.63±0.95 h (mean±SD) the night prior to their extended duration work shift. On an average, 89% of night shifts included naps with mission controllers sleeping an average of 3.4±1.0 h (mean±SD) during the 24-h extended duration work shift. Mission controllers also showed impaired cognitive function during extended duration work shifts.These findings indicate that extended duration work shifts present a significant challenge to crewmembers and mission support specialists during long-duration space mission operations. Future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of alternative work schedules and the development and implementation of more effective countermeasures will be required to maintain high levels of performance.     

基于空中交通复杂性的管制员通话负荷回归分析

管制员工作负荷的合理评估对保障空中交通系统安全运行具有重要作用。基于空中交通复杂性提出了一种管制员通话负荷的定量化预测方法，首先采集厦门空管站的雷达数据计算得出9个空中交通复杂性评价指标数据，通过共线性诊断发现复杂性指标间存在较强的多重共线性，进而采用主成分分析方法从多个复杂性评价指标中提取了2个主成分，最后基于多元线性回归分析方法建立了管制员通话负荷与交通复杂性评价指标间的定量关系，并通过实测通话数据进行验证。     

民用运输类飞机最小机组工作量评估中的评估机组选取研究

研究了民用运输类飞机最小机组工作量评估中的评估机组选取问题。通过比较不同飞行人员的服役经历、背景及其在最小机组工作量评估中的差异,给出了一套可行的最小机组工作量评估机组的选取原则。     

机组原因导致事故征候的预测研究

在1995—2004年统计数据的基础上,应用二次指数平滑和灰色预测方法分别对2002—2004年的事故征候数进行预测,并对两种预测结果与实际值进行比较和分析,表明二次指数平滑方法预测效果较好。应用二次指数平滑方法对未来5年的事故征候数进行预测。预测结果表明,以机组为原因导致的事故征候数呈上升趋势。结合民航的现实情况分析了出现这种趋势的原因,提出了控制这种趋势的管理对策。     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

面向机组工作量审定的民用飞机人机交互适航验证场景设计

设计有效的民用飞机人机交互适航验证场景是实施机组工作量审定的基础。依据中国民航规章CCAR-25 部1523 条款和附录D 适航验证性要求,通过对运输类飞机机组工作量适航验证条款的解读,建立工作量审定人机交互适航内容及验证流程;确立机组工作量审定民用飞机人机交互适航场景设计原则,分别从测试机组、运行过程、运行环境以及运...     

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究简

 针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

基于管制员工作负荷的终端区容量评估

对现有的基于管制员工作负荷的空域容量评估方法进行分析,并比较各自的特点。提出了改进的基于管制员工作负荷的容量评估模型,模型的建立不仅考虑了管制员工作负荷的不同类别,即通信负荷、非通信负荷和思考负荷,还考虑了空域内航路结构的复杂性,即区分空域内不同航路走向上运行的航空器数量。描述了基于新建模型的容量评估方法。以哈尔滨机场终端区为背景,在雷达管制的基础上,使用新建立的模型,采用回归分析方法,计算了终端区容量,验证了所提模型和方法的可行性与适用性。     

飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷判别预测生理模型

针对飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷的客观判别预测问题,综合采用事件相关电位(ERP)、心电图(ECG)和眼电图(EOG)3类生理测量技术,结合主观测评法和绩效测评法,在同一飞行实验任务中开展脑力负荷的实验测量与数学建模研究。实验结果表明:随着脑力负荷的增加,ERP测量技术中的失匹配负波(MMN)成分的峰值幅度(在Fz电极处)显著增加,P3a成分的峰值(在Fz电极处)显著降低;ECG测量技术中的心率变异性指标全部窦性心搏RR间期(简称RR间期)的标准差(SDNN)的数值显著降低;EOG测量技术中的眨眼次数显著降低。在此基础上,基于Bayes判别方法构建了脑力负荷判别预测生理综合评估模型,并将生理综合评估模型判别结果与NASA任务负荷指数(NASA_TLX)量表判别结果进行了比较,生理综合评估模型判别结果略高于NASA_TLX判别结果。该模型为飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷状态的客观、实时判定和预测提供了一种新的方法,同时也为中国正在研发的新型战斗机和大型客机驾驶舱显示界面中的人为因素适航审定工作提供了新的符合性验证工具。