Comparison of model and experimental ionospheric parameters at high latitudes

Modern use and study of the auroral region needs to attract a wider class of models for describing conditions of radio wave propagation in the ionosphere. In this paper the possibilities of the International Reference Ionosphere model, well-proven and widespread in the mid-latitudes, are investigated in the high latitude zone. Model and measured values of the critical frequency foF2 for two mid-latitude stations (Juliusruh and Goosebay) and four high-latitude ones (Loparskaya, Sodankyla, Sondrestrom, Thule) are compared. Deviations of medians, variations from day to day and solar activity trends seemed to be similar for both areas. This similarity is irrespective of the RZ12 index. Special attention is paid to the TEC parameter and its determination using 6 versions of models, a new version of the model IRI2010 (IRI-Plas) among them. It is shown that the IRI-Plas model significantly improves the definition of TEC in contrast to the versions of IRI2007 and the new model NeQuick. The use of the median of the experimental equivalent slab thickness, together with the current values of the TEC, increases by a factor of two the agreement between calculated and measured foF2 values as compared with the variations from day to day. This allows foF2 to be defined in near-real time.     

基于改进的PRI方法对植被冠层叶绿素含量的反演

叶绿素是植被光合作用的重要色素，对植被的健康状况有直接的指示作用。利用遥感技术准确、快速地获取植被叶绿素含量对精准农业具有重要意义。文章在对各种光化学植被指数（Photochemical Reflectance Index，PRI）与叶绿素含量进行敏感性分析的基础上，提取出对叶绿素变化较为敏感的组合形式，并考虑土壤背景的影响，提出了一种改进的PRI模型，同时利用在小汤山试验田获取的地面采样数据和实用模块化成像光谱仪（Operative Modular Imaging Spectrometer，OMIS）数据进行验证。结果表明，基于OMIS高光谱数据，模型能够很好地对植被冠层的叶绿素含量进行反演，反演的叶绿素含量与实测值具有较好的相关性。     

多元化实验教学评估方法的研究与应用

实验课程教学评估体系对实验课程教学的组织与实施具有很强的导向和质量监控作用，但现行的实验课程教学评估体系还不健全、不完善，因此在实验课程教学改革中要确立新的教学评估理念，制定科学的教学评估内容和标准，灵活运用多种评估方法，形成在新的教学评估观指导下的多元化实验课程教学评估方法，真正发挥评估体系服务教学、指导学习的积极反拨作用。     

Solidworks2008标题栏的设计与填写

本文介绍了在Solid Works2008下工程图标题栏设计、项目修改、填写有关内容。使标题栏的内容符合本单位规定的内容、格式，并可实现由系统自动填写，对于工程设计非常实用。     

Differential code bias estimation based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard GPS observations

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is an essential correction that must be provided to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users for precise position determination. With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, DCB estimation using observations from GNSS receivers onboard the LEO satellites is drawing increasing interests in order to meet the growing demands on high-quality DCB products from LEO-based applications, such as LEO-based GNSS signal augmentation and space weather research. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the geometry-free combination of GNSS observations, and it may suffer from significant leveling errors due to non-zero mean of multipath errors and short-term variations of receiver code and phase biases. In this study, we utilize the uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model for LEO DCB estimation. The models for uncombined PPP-based LEO DCB estimation are presented and GPS observations acquired from receivers onboard three identical Swarm satellites from February 1 to 28, 2019 are used for the validation. The results show that the average Root Mean Square errors (RMS) of the GPS satellite DCBs estimated with onboard data from each of the three Swarm satellites using the uncombined PPP model are less than 0.18 ns when compared to the GPS satellite DCBs obtained from IGS final daily Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products. Meanwhile, the corresponding average RMS of GPS satellite DCBs estimated with the conventional geometry-free model are 0.290, 0.210, 0.281 ns, respectively, which are significantly larger than those obtained with the uncombined PPP model. It is also noted that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs by Swarm A and C satellites are highly correlated, likely attributed to their similar orbit type and space environment. On the other hand, the Swarm receiver DCBs estimated with uncombined PPP model, with Standard Deviation (STD) of 0.065, 0.037 and 0.071 ns, are more stable than those obtained from the official Swarm Level 2 products with corresponding STD values of 0.115, 0.101, and 0.109 ns, respectively. The above indicates that high-quality DCB products can be estimated based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard observations.     

First results of operational ionospheric dynamics prediction for the Brazilian Space Weather program

It is shown the development and preliminary results of operational ionosphere dynamics prediction system for the Brazilian Space Weather program. The system is based on the Sheffield University Plasmasphere–Ionosphere Model (SUPIM), a physics-based model computer code describing the distribution of ionization within the Earth mid to equatorial latitude ionosphere and plasmasphere, during geomagnetically quiet periods. The model outputs are given in a 2-dimensional plane aligned with Earth magnetic field lines, with fixed magnetic longitude coordinate. The code was adapted to provide the output in geographical coordinates. It was made referring to the Earth’s magnetic field as an eccentric dipole, using the approximation based on International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-11). During the system operation, several simulation runs are performed at different longitudes. The original code would not be able to run all simulations serially in reasonable time. So, a parallel version for the code was developed for enhancing the performance. After preliminary tests, it was frequently observed code instability, when negative ion temperatures or concentrations prevented the code from continuing its processing. After a detailed analysis, it was verified that most of these problems occurred due to concentration estimation of simulation points located at high altitudes, typically over 4000 km of altitude. In order to force convergence, an artificial exponential decay for ion–neutral collisional frequency was used above mentioned altitudes. This approach shown no significant difference from original code output, but improved substantially the code stability. In order to make operational system even more stable, the initial altitude and initial ion concentration values used on exponential decay equation are changed when convergence is not achieved, within pre-defined values. When all code runs end, the longitude of every point is then compared with its original reference station longitude, and differences are compensated by changing the simulation point time slot, in a temporal adjustment optimization. Then, an approximate neighbor searching technique was developed to obtain the ion concentration values in a regularly spaced grid, using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation. A 3D grid containing ion and electron concentrations is generated for every hour of simulated day. Its spatial resolution is 1° of latitude per 1° of longitude per 10 km of altitude. The vertical total electron content (VTEC) is calculated from the grid, and plotted in a geographic map. An important feature that was implemented in the system is the capacity of combining observational data and simulation outputs to obtain more appropriate initial conditions to the ionosphere prediction. Newtonian relaxation method was used for this data assimilation process, where ionosonde data from four different locations in South America was used to improve the system accuracy. The whole process runs every day and predicts the VTEC values for South America region with almost 24 h ahead.     

社会化商业情境下UGC对品牌态度的影响述评

以互动参与及粉丝经济为典型特征的社会化商业时代,传统媒介已不足以支撑企业品牌的构建与发展;社会化平台用户产生内容（UGC）会直接影响品牌的可信度及消费者购买决策.通过对国内外文献的回顾,梳理了UGC对品牌态度的驱动因素,并从正反两方面探索了UGC对品牌态度产生的积极影响与消极效应,旨在为网络零售业在社会化商业模式下的品牌传播提供营销启示与参考.     

航站楼安检布局及流程优化研究

为保证旅客出行安全,提高机场安检效率,对机场安检流程进行优化。以航站楼内旅客安检服务流程为研究对象,根据安检服务流程特性,分析并选择广义随机Petri网对航站楼内单通道安检服务流程进行建模与仿真分析。在验证模型可靠性的基础上,运用广义随机Petri 网和马尔科夫链的相关理论给出安检流程的性能评价。最后,以深圳宝安国际机场航站楼内旅客安检流程为实例分析对象,在对资源没有限制的条件下,对深圳机场单通道安检流程进行分析,验证模型的可靠性,找出安检过程中的瓶颈问题,提出改善建议。     

面向高安全数据分发服务的身份认证协议设计

为解决数据分发服务安全规范中身份认证与密钥协商协议存在共享密钥建立缺乏公平性、缺乏验证密钥一致性机制及会话过程缺乏完整性等安全问题,以协议为基础,设计一种新的高安全数据分发服务身份认证与密钥协商协议。新协议引入了ACK机制,并利用D－H密钥交换和非对称密码体制特点解决了原协议存在的安全问题,具备实用性和更高的安全性。     

TCP/IP网络的DDOS攻击及对策

随着网络技术的发展，Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ逐渐渗入社会生活的各个方面，这些都要求计算机网络具有较高的安全性，但是网络在实际运行中可能受到多种攻击，从而削弱其安全性。文中介绍了在Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ上可能导致严重危害的拒绝服务、分布式拒绝服务的概念，分析了分布式拒绝服务的攻击原理，重点讨论其利用ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ协议体系固有的安全漏洞，对Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ上的站点发动攻击的方式；对于发起分布式拒绝服务的两个阶段－发展