Diurnal and seasonal variations of F2 layer characteristics over Irkutsk during the decrease in solar activity in 2003–2006: Observations and IRI-2001 model predictions

The diurnal and seasonal variations of F2 layer characteristics (critical frequency, peak height and bottomside thickness) over Irkutsk, Russia (52.3 N and 104.3 E) are studied by the method of running medians. The comparison with the IRI-2001 model during the decrease in solar activity in 2003–2006 revealed cases of both close agreement and systematic differences between predictions and observations. The systematic difference is not the only reason for disagreement between IRI and observations; there are also intrayear variations which are not associated with seasonal behavior. The period of observation was too short to make conclusions about solar activity dependence of the noon bottomside thickness and the modification of its diurnal behavior with decreasing solar activity.     

Dynamical evolution of high area-to-mass ratio debris released into GPS orbits

A large set of simulations, including all the relevant perturbations, was carried out to investigate the long-term dynamical evolution of fictitious high area-to-mass ratio (A/M) objects released, with a negligible velocity variation, in each of the six orbital planes used by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. As with similar objects discovered in near synchronous trajectories, long lifetime orbits, with mean motions of about 2 revolutions per day, were found possible for debris characterized by extremely high area-to-mass ratios. Often the lifetime exceeds 100 years up to A/M ∼ 45 m²/kg, decreasing rapidly to a few months above such a threshold. However, the details of the evolution, which are conditioned by the complex interplay of solar radiation pressure and geopotential plus luni-solar resonances, depend on the initial conditions. Different behaviors are thus possible. In any case, objects like those discovered in synchronous orbits, with A/M as high as 20–40 m²/kg, could also survive in this orbital regime, with semi-major axes close to the semi-synchronous values, with maximum eccentricities between 0.3 and 0.7, and with significant orbit pole precessions (faster and wider for increasing values of A/M), leading to inclinations between 30° and more than 90°.     

MCS-51单片机数字化艇弹协调仪的设计方法

论述了艇弹协调仪硬件系统的设计方法及基本原理，并给出了系统运行的软件流程框图。     

重力空射稳定伞阻力特征自动化设计

为进行重力空射稳定伞的初步设计,文章以多体动力学软件(ADAMS)为二次开发平台,构建了重力空射箭-伞系统的动力学仿真模型;推导了火箭和稳定伞的气动模型,并利用动态链接子程序实现了气动力的加载;通过ADAMS命令语言建立了参数化模型和用户界面。在此基础上,自编可行方向优化算法实现了稳定伞阻力特征的自动化设计。最后,根据仿真计算结果对试验火箭出舱时间、安全通道、回收方式等问题进行了分析,为后续空射稳定伞的细节设计以及空射总体方案的确定提供了参考。     

中国出口商品频遭反倾销的几点思考

中国加入WTO以来，对外贸易商品的数量和品种都大幅度增加，给我国的贸易收入带来巨大的增长的同时，也带来了我国出口商品遭遇大面积反倾销的危机。从我国商品遭遇反倾销的特点、遭遇反倾销的原因分析，提出了我国如何应对反倾销危机的策略，以及保护我国出口商的合法利益等问题。     

测量不确定度在实际工作中的应用

介绍了运用迭代法进行不确定度评定的方法。讨论了在实际工作中如何应用测量不确定度分析来选择测量方法。     

停声不停光的八路上下越限故障报警电路

本文介绍的停声不停光的八路上下越限故障报警电路。是通过5G8243扩展接口芯片和D触发器的开关作用实现的。该电路结构简单、紧凑，易于维修、更换。同时，为了便于理解该电路的硬件原理图，又对5G8243扩展接口芯片的使用作了详细的介绍和对D触发器的停声不停光的开关作用也作了必要的说明。     

波形合成的方向处理

波形合成中方向问题的核心是相位计算。本文作了分析     

快速拉格朗日差分法在巷道锚杆支护计算中的应用

快速拉格朗日法是一种新型的数值计算方法。本文介绍了快速拉格朗日法的基本原理和分析过程；并将这种方法应用于巷道锚杆支护的计算中，对锚杆支护前后围岩的变形进行了对比。结果表明锚杆在控制围岩垂直方向的变形有明显的作用。     

我国企业对外直接投资的区位选择

企业的海外目标主要可以分为获取自然资源，开拓新市场，规避贸易壁垒，逃避国际税收和学习先进技术、管理知识五种。不同的海外目标，决定了企业对外直接投资的区位选择应有所差异。我国企业应该突破目前大型企业投资区位过于集中，中小企业投资区位又非常分散的格局，紧扣企业海外目标，合理选择对外直接投资的区位：谨慎甄选，积极开拓自然资源丰富的国家，重点关注亚、非、拉自然资源储备充裕，投资条件成熟的国家；充分发挥比较优势，重点开发发展中国家，对于有传统特色的中国产品，可以加大在发达国家的投资；利用区域经济一体化，突破贸易壁垒，选择欧盟、北美自由贸易区内成本相对较低的国家；利用“避税港”、低税型和有优惠政策的国家和地区的税率差异，合理规避国际税收；在以欧、美、日为代表的科技创新型的发达国家，或是在行业内处于领先地位的国家建立研发机构。