一种飞机升降舵需用功率的计算方法

为提供舵面需用功率的计算依据,对工程作动器的设计提供理论支撑,提出了一种飞机升降舵需用功率的计算方法,通过不同类型飞机实例进行计算。首先,针对不同种类的工况进行阐释,并详述速率计算所用的评价准则;然后,提出带载荷平均速率计算方法步骤,分析铰链力矩特性;最后,通过计算空载速率,分析舵面需用功率,并进行计算分析。计算结果表明,该方法计算出的需用功率不仅保证稳定裕度,且与舵面载荷具有理论相关性,设计结果安全合理,对工程设计具有实用指导意义。     

Characteristics of the soil-like substrates produced with a novel technique combining aerobic fermentation and earthworm treatment

The soil-like substrate (SLS) technique is key for improving the closure of bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) by recycling the inedible biomass of higher plants. In this study, a novel SLS technique (NSLST) was proposed: aerobic fermentations at 35 °C for 1 day, then 60 °C for 6 days, finally 30 °C for 3 days, followed by earthworm treatment for 70 days. Comparing with the original SLS technique (OSLST), its process cycle was 13 days shorter, and the dry weight loss rate (81.1%) was improved by 24.77%. The cellulose and lignin degradation rates were 96.6% and 94.6%. The concentrations of available N, P and K in mature SLS were respectively 776.1 mg/L, 348.0 mg/L and 7943.0 mg/L. Low CH₄ and NH₃ production was observed, but no accumulation. According to the seed germination test, the SLSs were feasible for plant growth. This investigation will provide a preliminary foundation for BLSS design.     

转速对铝铜层状复合板搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)对铝铜层状复合板进行焊接,研究转速对焊接接头组织性能的影响。结果表明:FSW接头在焊缝区域内铝铜金属呈层状分布;随着搅拌头转速的增大,焊核区(NZ)中铝与铜晶粒尺寸增大;转速为1180 r/min时,铝层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为33.0 HV,超过母材显微硬度,抗拉强度为127.21 MPa;转速为750 r/min时,铜层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为99.7 HV,达到母材显微硬度的82.05%;孔洞缺陷是造成接头力学性能较低的主要原因。     

水冷温度对TC4钛合金组织演变的影响

水冷温度影响TC4钛合金的组织形态与力学性能的变化.TC4钛合金固溶后缓慢冷却到3种不同温度.水冷后组织形态与力学性能的变化结果表明:当由900℃开始水冷时,α相在晶界形核,原始的β晶粒出现;当温度继续降低达700℃然后再水冷时,析出α相相对均匀细小,试样抗拉强度和硬度分别达到了最高值867MPa和HV5218;随着冷却温度的继续下降,β相逐渐析出α相,水冷温度越低,α相呈现为粗大的片层状,试样强度和硬度降低.     

Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

液压传动系统综合污染分析与控制方法研究

详细分析了工作油液中的固体颗粒、水、气、氯污染物的特征及其对系统的影响.通过多年污染控制实践,以及在汲取国内外先进的污染控制技术的基础上,阐述了各种污染物的控制方法及测试技术,提出了全面污染控制的设想.     

某型直升机液压减摆器渗油故障的排除

介绍了某型直升机液压减摆器的结构特点和密封原理,用故障树的方法梳理了影响液压减摆器渗油的原因,针对一特定案例进行了渗油原因分析,并制定了相应的改进措施。     

Drilling load modeling and validation based on the filling rate of auger flute in planetary sampling

Some type of penetration into a subsurface is required in planetary sampling. Drilling and coring, due to its efficient penetrating and cuttings removal characteristics, has been widely applied in previous sampling missions. Given the complicated mechanical properties of a planetary regolith, suitable drilling parameters should be matched with different drilling formations properly. Otherwise, drilling faults caused by overloads could easily happen. Hence, it is necessary to estab-lish a drilling load model, which is able to reveal the relationships among drilling loads, an auger's structural parameters, soil's mechanical properties, and relevant drilling parameters. A concept for the filling rate of auger flute (FRAF) is proposed to describe drilling conditions. If the FRAF index under one group of drilling parameters is less than 1, this means that the auger flute currently removes cuttings smoothly. Otherwise, the auger will be choked with compressed cuttings. In dril-ling operations, the drilling loads on the auger mainly come from the conveyance action, while the drilling loads on the drill bit primarily come from the cutting action. Experiments in one typical lunar regolith simulant indicate that the estimated drilling loads based on the FRAF coincide with the test results quite well. Based on this drilling load model, drilling parameters have been opti-mized.     

低温泵现场使用可靠性评价及维修保障方法

结合北京卫星环境工程研究所现有低温泵使用情况,建立低温泵任务可靠性模型,开展低温泵FMEA。对2009年—2015年的低温泵故障数据进行收集和整理,采用直方图法进行现场故障率和MTBF估计,评估低温泵现场使用可靠性水平;又通过基于P-P理论的寿命分布假设检验方法,获得低温泵现场使用寿命分布特征。根据现场可靠性分析结果并结合多年维修保障经验,给出了低温泵使用过程中常见故障的维修保证流程及方法,有助于后续真空热试验的连续实施。     

The impact of microwave absorber and radome geometries on GNSS measurements of station coordinates and atmospheric water vapour

We have used microwave absorbing material in different geometries around ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antennas in order to mitigate multipath effects on the estimates of station coordinates and atmospheric water vapour. The influence of a hemispheric radome – of the same type as in the Swedish GPS network SWEPOS – was also investigated. Two GNSS stations at the Onsala Space Observatory were used forming a 12 m baseline. GPS data from October 2008 to November 2009 were analyzed by the GIPSY/OASIS II software using the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing strategy for five different elevation cutoff angles from 5° to 25°. We found that the use of the absorbing material decreases the offset in the estimated vertical component of the baseline from ∼27 mm to ∼4 mm when the elevation cutoff angle varies from 5° to 20°. The horizontal components are much less affected. The corresponding offset in the estimates of the atmospheric Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) decreases from ∼1.6 kg/m² to ∼0.3 kg/m². Changes less than 5 mm in the offsets in the vertical component of the baseline are seen for all five elevation cutoff angle solutions when the antenna was covered by a hemispheric radome. Using the radome affects the IWV estimates less than 0.4 kg/m² for all different solutions. IWV comparisons between a Water Vapour Radiometer (WVR) and the GPS data give consistent results.