风洞 MDOE 的形式实验设计方法研究

MDOE 风洞实验方法能够用相对于传统实验方法更少的吹风次数，获得更高精准度的数据。为了解决现有基于参数模型的 MDOE 方法获取较强非线性气动规律能力的不足，需要发展基于非参数模型的 MDOE 方法。本文对基于非参数模型的 MDOE 的形式实验设计方法进行研究。通过“虚拟”风洞实验的方法，对两种常用的“空间填充设计”———拉丁超立方设计和均匀设计应用于风洞实验的适用性进行对比，并在此基础上发展了几种对均匀设计的优化改进方法，可以进一步提高样本点设计质量，使其满足风洞实验的要求。研究表明：均匀设计较拉丁超立方设计更为稳健、均匀，更适合基于非参数模型的风洞 MDOE 方法；在均匀设计方法基础上，根据风洞实验的特点发展了优化方法，包括边界点补充、样本点密度调整和重复点设计，能够将已有的“先验信息”应用于实验设计中；所发展的形式实验设计方法所需的测量点要少于 OFAT 方法的测量点（如示例中所用的测量点数仅为 OFAT方法的66．7％），且能够充分和准确地对较剧烈的非线性变化规律进行采样。本文对风洞 MDOE 的形式实验设计方法的研究结果，为后续发展基于非参数模型的风洞 MDOE 方法奠定了基础。     

Gust load alleviation wind tunnel tests of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing with piezoelectric control

An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been exten-sively used for active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, piezoelectric mate-rials further attempt to suppress the vibration of the aeroelastic wing caused by gust. The motion equation of the flexible wing with piezoelectric patches is obtained by Hamilton's principle with the modal approach, and then numerical gust responses are analyzed, based on which a gust load alle-viation (GLA) control system is proposed. The gust load alleviation system employs classic propor tional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers which treat piezoelectric patches as control actuators and acceleration as the feedback signal. By a numerical method, the control mechanism that piezo-electric actuators can be used to alleviate gust-response loads is also analyzed qualitatively. Further-more, through low-speed wind tunnel tests, the effectiveness of the gust load alleviation active control technology is validated. The test results agree well with the numerical results. Test results show that at a certain frequency range, the control scheme can effectively alleviate the z and x wing-tip accelerations and the root bending moment of the wing to a certain extent. The control system gives satisfying gust load alleviation efficacy with the reduction rate being generally over 20%.     

国外10MW风力机叶片气动布局研究

降低风能利用成本是风力机单机装机功率向大型化发展的主要驱动力,10MW风力机已成为当今国外大型风力机研发的目标。本文简要回顾了风力机叶片空气动力研究对风力机大型化发展的贡献,探讨国外针对10MW风力机开展的新型叶片气动布局研究。     

风力机标模非定常数值模拟中的影响因素研究

基于自主研发的“亚跨超 CFD 软件平台”(TRIP3.0)，采用刚性运动网格技术和动态拼接网格技术，开发了针对旋转类机械的非定常求解模块。本文开展了 NREL Phase VI 风力机标模非定常数值模拟中的影响因素研究，影响因素主要包括不同时间步长的影响、不同湍流模型的影响、刚性动网格技术和动态拼接网格技术的影响三个方面。本文数值模拟采用的控制方程为雷诺平均 N-S 方程，采用有限体积法离散控制方程，离散方程的时间方向采用“双时间步”方法求解，空间方向无粘项离散采用 MUSCL-Roe 格式，湍流模型采用 SA 和 SST 湍流模型，并引入多重网格和并行计算技术加速求解。数值模拟结果表明：时间步长、湍流模型、网格方案等因素主要影响风力机叶片吸力面的流动结构，进而影响吸力面的压力分布，而对压力面的流动结构和压力分布基本没有影响；采用刚性运动网格结合 SA 湍流模型所得到的压力分布更接近实验值。     

TUNNEL INTERFERENCE IN UNSTEADY POST-STALL EXPERIMENTS

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一种用于热流脉动测量的宽频带热电模拟网络

本文简述设计对数模拟网络的方法和预计网络频域和时域特性的理论分析,并给出按其设计制作的频宽为0.04HZ～200kHz 的九节热电模拟网络。与其它设计方法相比,它具有精度高,元件少,成本低,制作简便等优点。     

钝体涡激力参数的识别

涡激振是柔性结构易发生的气动弹性现象。本文通过风洞试验，研究了均匀流场中弹性支承的二维刚性模型的强激力，提出了一种识别涡激力模型中未知参数的方法。用本文的方法，进行了三种钝体模型的风洞试验。     

FL-1风洞绘图软件

本文介绍了用于 FL-1风洞实验的绘图软件结构、功能和操作。     

The nature of the luminous blue variable AG carinae

After many years of permanence at minimum, the luminous blue variable AG Car started in mid 1990 a new brightening phase. We review the spectroscopic variations of the star since 1949, and discuss the nature of the circumstellar nebula. We give evidence that, like in Car, also in AG Car dust is continuously condensing from the stellar wind. We suggest that the star could be partially reddened by the circumstellar dust, which could affect the estimates of the stellar distance. An extended HII halo is present outside the ring nebula, which should be associated with the wind of a previous cooler evolutionary stage of AG Car.     

Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and implications for the heliosphere

We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (–0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (–0.5, ⁺0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is 8.3 × 10^–7 s^–1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is 1.0 × 10^–15 cm² at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(–0.7, +0.9) × 10^–5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.