Extension of INCL4 between 2 and 15 GeV

The intranuclear cascade model INCL4 has been shown to be very successful for describing, without adjustable parameters, a whole set of data for p-induced reactions in the 40 MeV–2 GeV energy range. In view of its possible application to cosmic ray interactions, the INCL4 code has been extended to the 2–15 GeV energy range, so covering a large part of the spectrum of the incident energy of the cosmic rays.     

Simulation study on slant-to-vertical deviation in two dimensional TEC mapping over the ionosphere equatorial anomaly

With the rapid increase of GPS/GNSS receivers being deployed and operated in China, real-time GPS data from nearly a thousand sites are available at the National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorology Administration. However, it is challenging to generate a high-quality regional total electron content (TEC) map with the traditional two-dimensional (2-D) retrieval scheme because a large horizontal gradient has been reported over east–south Asia due to the northern equatorial ionization anomaly. We developed an Ionosphere Data Assimilation Analysis System (IDAAS), which is described in this study, using an International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model as the background and applying a Kalman filter for updated observations. The IDAAS can reconstruct a three-dimensional ionosphere with the GPS slant TEC. The inverse slant TEC correlates well with observations both for GPS sites involved in the reconstruction and sites that are not involved. Based on the IDAAS, simulations were performed to investigate the deviation relative to the slant-to-vertical conversion (STV). The results indicate that the relative deviation induced by slant-to-vertical conversion may be significant in certain instances, and the deviation varies from 0% to 40% when the elevation decreases from 90° to 15°, while the relative IDAAS deviation is much smaller and varies from −5% to 15% without an elevation dependence. Compared with ‘true TEC’ map derived from the model, there is large difference in STV TEC map but no obvious discrepancy in IDAAS map. Generally, the IDAAS TEC map is much closer to the “true TEC” than is STV TEC map is.     

Efficiency optimized fuel supply strategy of aircraft engine based on air-fuel ratio control

Accurate fuel injection control of aircraft engine can optimize the energy efficiency of UAV power system while meeting the propeller speed requirement. Traditional injection control method such as open-loop calibration causes instability of fuel supply which brings the risk of power loss of UAV. Considering that the closed-loop control of AFR can ensure a stable fuel feeding, this paper proposes an AFR control based fuel supply strategy in order to improve the efficiency of fuel-powered UAV while obtaining the required engine speed. According to the optimum fuel injection results, we implement fuzzy-PID method to control the set AFR in different situations. Through simulation and experiment studies, the results indicate that, to begin with, the calibrated mathematical model of the aircraft engine is effective. Next, this fuel supply strategy based on AFR control can normally realize the engine speed regulation, and the applied control algorithm can eliminate the overshoot of AFR throughout all the working progress. What is more,the fuel supply strategy can averagely shorten the response time of the engine speed by about two seconds. In addition, compared with the open-loop calibration, in this work the power efficiency is improved by 9% to 33%. Last but not the least, the endurance can be improved by 30 min with a normal engine speed. This paper can be a reference for the optimization of UAV aircraft engine.     

LES of the Sandia flame series D-F using the Eulerian stochastic field method coupled with tabulated chemistry

In this paper, the Eulerian Stochastic Field (ESF) model in the Transported Probability Density Function (TPDF) class model is combined with the Flamelet Generated Manifolds (FGM) model. This method solves the joint probability density function transport equation by ESF method that considers the interaction mechanism between flame and turbulence with high precision. At the same time, by making use of the advantage of the FGM model, this model is able to incorporate the detailed chemical reaction mechanism (GRI 3.0) with acceptable computational cost. The new model has been implemented in the open source CFD suite-OpenFOAM. Validation of the model has been carried out by simulating the Sandia flame series (three turbulent piloted methane jet flames) issued by the National Laboratory of the United States. The accuracy and advancement of the ESF/FGM turbulent combustion model are verified by comparing the LES results of the new model with the rich experimental data as well as the RANS results. The results demonstrate that the model has a strong ability in capturing combustion phenomena such as extinction and re-ignition in turbulent flame, which is essential in the accurate prediction of the combustion process in real combustion devices, for example, aircraft engines.     

A high-fidelity design methodology using LES-based simulation and POD-based emulation: A case study of swirl injectors

Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment (DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling (emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection. For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.     

基于仿真分析的压铆力预测模型

铆接是飞机结构机械连接的主要方式,压铆力作为影响铆接质量的重要因素,传统的计算方法通常是建立在体积不变的假设之上,且不考虑钉杆材料被压入钉孔部分的体积,导致模型误差较大。为此,依据仿真分析结果和铆钉材料的流动趋势,引入体积缩减系数来描述钉杆被压入钉孔部分的体积,建立压铆力预测模型,并与已有的试验数据进行对比,结果表明计算值与试验值的一致性较好,该模型可以用来预测铆接过程中压铆力的大小。     

小型无人机在简化传感器配置下的自主回收控制系统设计

在具备多传感器条件下,借助多传感器信息融合算法可以实现小型无人机的自主回收任务,如何采用少量传感器完成任务是一个重要的研究方向.本文给出一种仅利用单GPS辅以高度表的组合方式来完成小型无人机的自主回收任务.文中以该传感器组合为基础,设计了回收过程中各阶段的控制器结构,并利用序列二次规划(SQP)算法选择了控制律参数,最后利用在Simulink环境下建立的系统数字仿真模型对所设计的控制器结构和控制律参数进行了仿真验 证.仿真结果表明可以完成小型无人机的自主回收任务.     

固体推进剂喷气羽烟对微波衰减的理论模拟

本文根据流体力学理论和等离子体知识,建立了推进剂喷气羽烟电磁特性的理论模型,并利用非平衡化学反应模拟了二次燃烧和电子捕获剂对喷气羽烟电磁特性的影响.计算值与实验结果的一致性较好,误差的最大值约为10%.模拟计算表明:添加少量电子捕获剂和降低铝粉含量,能有效地改善喷气羽烟的微波透射性.     

飞行仿真系统的建模与验证

主要介绍了模型的研究领域和定义，并以飞行模拟器飞行系数数学模型为例，说明了实际－理论模型－计算机模型的建立过程，以及飞行系统的建模、编程、数据的选取及预处理等对飞行模拟器逼真度的影响。     

多孔板换热的数值模拟研究

通过分析层板燃气侧、内部及冷气侧的换热特性，表明层板内流动特别复杂，换热也具有多样性。冷气侧换热面由于冲击孔出流的抽吸作用导致冲击孔上游换热加强，冲击孔出流对下游换热边界层的破坏，使下游抉热同样加强，且比上游增加幅度大。通道底面主要是由于射流形成的漩涡对底面冲击而使抉热增强，但影响区域不大。冲击面由于射流的冲击使滞止区换热系数很大，影响的区域也较广。燃气侧换热面由于气膜孔射流对主流的影响使气膜孔下游的主流旋转形成强度很大的漩涡，冲击壁面而使气膜孔下游换热增强，并且两孔之间由于冷气的掺混换热系数较大。