航天飞行中的稀薄气体动力学

飞船、宇航探测器、航天飞机等复杂外形航天器给气体动力学，包括稀薄气体动力学提出了新的要求。本文简要介绍了为计算过渡领域中气动力与热而发展的基于位置元概念的DSMC方法的通用算法。该方法解决了计算物面通量量的技术难点并已用于模拟圆球、飞船、类航天飞机的绕流。正在进行的航天实践，如麦哲伦飞船对金星的探测、行星大气中的气动制动、伽利略飞船的木星之行、尾屏蔽在太空中获得高真空的实验等等提出了新的气动力问题，稀薄气体动力学和DSMC方法是有力的工具。     

1994年2月21日行星际激波引起的磁暴

利用Imp-8,Geotail和Goes-6等卫星资料,研究了1994年2月21日0900UT到达地球磁层的行星际激波引起的磁暴期间,从太阳风向磁层传输能量的有关问题.结果指出:（1）南向行星际磁场（IMF）的长持续时间不是太阳风向磁层输能的必要条件.南北振荡的,较强IMF也能产生显著的能量传输;（2）行星际扰动磁场通过弓激波和磁层顶后扰动磁能增加,增幅将近5倍;（3）在磁层内扰动磁场的Bz分量在1×10-4Hz附近显著被吸收.这一低频扰动磁场可能是磁暴期间导致氧离子和质子等环电流粒子向内扩散并被加速的原因之一.     

Orientations of LASCO Halo CMEs and their connection to the flux rope structure of interplanetary CMEs

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed near the Sun via LASCO coronographic imaging are the most important solar drivers of geomagnetic storms. ICMEs, their interplanetary, near-Earth counterparts, can be detected in situ, for example, by the Wind and ACE spacecraft. An ICME usually exhibits a complex structure that very often includes a magnetic cloud (MC). They can be commonly modelled as magnetic flux ropes and there is observational evidence to expect that the orientation of a halo CME elongation corresponds to the orientation of the flux rope. In this study, we compare orientations of elongated CME halos and the corresponding MCs, measured by Wind and ACE spacecraft. We characterize the MC structures by using the Grad–Shafranov reconstruction technique and three MC fitting methods to obtain their axis directions. The CME tilt angles and MC fitted axis angles were compared without taking into account handedness of the underlying flux rope field and the polarity of its axial field. We report that for about 64% of CME–MC events, we found a good correspondence between the orientation angles implying that for the majority of interplanetary ejecta their orientations do not change significantly (less than 45 deg rotation) while travelling from the Sun to the near-Earth environment.     

Fractal Structure of the Heliospheric Plasma Sheet at the Earth''''s Orbit

An analysis of the data from the Wind and IMP-8 spacecraft revealed that a slow solar wind, flowing in the heliospheric plasma sheet, represents a set of magnetic tubes with plasma of increased density (N > 10cm-3 at the Earth's orbit). They have a fine structure at several spatial scales (fractality), from 2°-3°(at the Earth's orbit, it is equivalent to 3.6-5.4h, or (5.4-8.0)×106km) to the minimum about 0.025°, i.e. the angular size of the nested tubes is changed nearly by two orders of magnitude. The magnetic tubes at each observed spatial scale are diamagnetic, i.e. their surface sustains a flow of diamagnetic (or drift) current that decreases the magnetic field within the tube itself and increases it outside the tube. Furthermore, the value of β= 8π[N(Te + Tp)]/B2 within the tube exceeds the value of βoutside the tube. In many cases total pressure P = N(Te + Tp) + B2/8πis almost constant within and outside the tubes at any one of the aforementioned scales.     

磁选态单束铯束管束光学参数的模拟计算和设计

为提高铯束管跃迁信号强度,在束光学参数设计中,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算铯原子通过率和未跃迁比例。通过改变模拟计算中的束光学参数,分析铯原子通过率、未跃迁比例和倍增器首极电流的变化趋势,得到了主要束光学参数的合理取值范围。在铯束管实际装配和试验中使用束光学参数设计结果,有效地增加了倍增器首极电流。     

电磁测力系统研究

介绍了电磁测力系统中静磁场分析与优化、通电线圈位置控制方法及提高线性度的自校准方法。运用Maxwell 3D进行仿真计算，得到了相对优化的磁密及磁均匀性，通过控制通电线圈在磁场中位置及分段线性微分技术，提高了电磁测力准确度。构建了试验装置，对比试验数据表明，该研究措施对于提高电磁测力准确度取得了较好效果。     

辐射换热对平板气膜冷却性能影响

为了分析辐射换热对平板气膜冷却性能的影响,分别对不考虑辐射换热(耦合计算)与考虑辐射换热两种条件下的平板隔热屏进行了三维流热耦合数值模拟研究,并与绝热壁(不考虑隔热屏固壁导热)的计算结果进行了对比。辐射换热采用离散坐标法。得到了3种不同主/次流总温比(Rt)条件下气膜冷却效果、流场、单位面积冷流体热负荷以及流量系数的对比结果与变化规律。结果表明:气膜冷却效果沿流向逐渐降低,且随总温比的增加而降低;在展向上气膜冷却效果呈现中间高两边低的分布规律,最大与最小相对值在绝热壁条件下达到最大,为94.5%,辐射换热次之,为13.5%,不考虑辐射换热时最小,为9.8%。与不考虑辐射换热结果相比,辐射换热对气膜冷却效果的影响在流动方向逐渐变大,气膜孔附近展向温度梯度增大,冷流体热负荷增加了92.8%,二者计算的流量系数相差不大,为1.1%,与绝热壁计算结果相比,流量系数减小了13.1%。随着总温比增加流量系数减小,最大值与最小值相差不大,为1.1%。     

微流星体高速撞击航天器Whipple防护结构损伤特性研究(英文)

采用金刚石模拟高脆性、高熔点微流星体材料,对航天器典型Whipple防护结构进行高速撞击试验.试验表明,撞击产生的高温高压效应导致金刚石部分或全部转化为石墨,金刚石对防护结构的损伤主要体现在中低速阶段,当撞击速度大于4.3km/s时,对后板的灼烧损伤极为显著。     

Aerothermodynamic and stability analyses of a deployable re-entry capsule

Recent research projects, in the field of atmospheric re-entry technology, are focused on the design of deployable, umbrella-like Thermal Protection Systems (TPSs). These TPSs are made of flexible high temperature resistant fabrics, folded at launch and deployed in space for de-orbit and re-entry operations. In the present paper two possible sphere–cone configurations for the TPS have been investigated from an aerodynamic point of view. The analyzed configurations are characterized by the same reentry mass and maximum diameter, but have different half-cone angles (45° and 60°). The analyses involve both the evaluation of thermal and aerodynamic loads and the assessment of the capsule longitudinal stability. The aerothermodynamic analysis has been performed for the completely deployed heat shield in transitional and continuum regimes, while the longitudinal stability has been analyzed in free molecular, transitional and continuum regimes, also taking into consideration the heat shield deployment sequence at high altitudes.