航空安全与航空消费者权益保护平衡的法理思考

在强调安全的航空领域,以“航空安全”为由牺牲甚至侵犯航空消费者权益的行为时有发生。笔者通过对航空安全立法和消费者权益保护立法的理念进行法理分析,得出结论：二者最终的依归都是保护航空消费者的权益,并不存在根本的对立。保障航空安全也是对航空消费者权益的保护,我们应寻求一种合理的平衡,在保障航空安全的基础上实现对航空消费者权益的最大保护。     

冲压发动机进气道不起动边界分析

不起动边界是超声速进气道研究的重要内容,它是进气道保护控制的基础和前提。针对这一问题,对冲压发动机进气道进行了不同边界条件下的数值模拟,对稳态流场结果进行了分析。基于仿真数据,利用量纲分析工具对进气道最大抗反压能力进行了分析,讨论并给出了两进气道流动的相似条件。分析结果表明:在不考虑攻角变化的条件下,进气道不起动边界主要与来流马赫数有关。     

雷电防护技术在靶场测控网中的应用

介绍在靶场测控网中如何采用现代综合防雷技术和措施 ,解决靶场测控网免遭雷击的问题     

FY-2卫星功率合成器低气压放电和微放电预防

阐述了星载无源大功率部件发生微放电和低气压放电的原因.讨论了提高风云二号(FY-2)卫星测控系统中功率合成器低气压放电阈值的方法,并提出增大内部间隙、提高器件内表面洁净度和改进调谐螺钉设计等措施.实验结果表明,功率合成器放电容量由4.5 W提高至9 W,从而大幅改善了其低气压临界工作状态.     

FY-4闪电成像仪实时事件处理器（RTEP）的FPGA设计研究

闪电是中尺度，特别是中-γ尺度天气系统研究的有力工具。闪电成像仪主要利用4种方法组合来实现闪电信号的增强与探测。这4种方法是：光谱滤波、空间滤波、时间滤波、帧一帧背景去除。实时事件处理器（RTEP）是实现帧一帧背景去除的最为有效的手段，它是提取闪电信号的重要途径。实时事件处理器是一个实时数字信号处理系统，在2ms的时间内要完成12bit量化的512x512个像素的信号数据处理，探测出闪电信号。文章论述了实时事件处理器RTEP的必要性，实现原理，以及FPGA实现方案。     

Schumann resonance frequency and conductivity in the nighttime ionosphere of Mars: A source for lightning

We have solved the Maxwellian equations of electromagnetic waves which oscillate within the cavity formed in the lower ionosphere of Mars between 0 and 70?km. The electrical conductivity and Schumann Resonance (SR) frequencies are calculated in the lower ionosphere of Mars, in the presence of a major dust storm that occurred in Martian Year (MY) 25 at low latitude region (25°–35°S). It is found that the atmospheric conductivity reduced by one to two orders of magnitude in the presence of a dust storm. It represents a small dust layer at about 25–30?km altitudes where lightning can occur. We also found that the SR frequencies peak at?～18?km with values 19.9, 34.5 and 48.8?Hz for the modes l?=?1, 2 and 3, respectively, in the non-homogeneous medium. Our results indicate that practical or measurable values of SR are dependent on the altitudes.     

抗雷电电磁脉冲控制器综合加固设计方法

提出了一种抗雷电电磁脉冲控制器综合加固设计方法,通过分别从硬件、软件、壳体、电缆4方面采取不同措施综合设计,达到最优的抗雷电电磁脉冲加固性能。经雷电电磁脉冲试验验证,该设计方法在提升控制器抗雷电电磁脉冲强度方面效果明显,对火箭雷电环境飞行的安全性具有重要意义。本方法加固措施通用,适用于对传统电气设备的加固改造,具有良好的工程推广价值。     

Consequences of the application of the streamer fluid model to the study of the sprite inception mechanism

We present the results of a streamer-fluid model used to investigate the electrodynamical coupling between the troposphere and upper atmosphere due to the penetration of lightning electric fields into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere, generating sprites. The model solves the continuity equation for electrons and ions coupled to Poisson equation. The dominant physical response of the atmosphere is the formation of a screening-ionization wave. The wave shields the atmosphere above it from the action of the lightning field and, together with the conductivity reduction below it due to attachment, the wave amplifies the total field below it, allowing for the penetration of intense electric fields in the mesosphere as it propagates downwards into regions of higher density that compress the wave. This is the key physical mechanism for sprite inception. We evaluated the effects of the thundercloud charge geometry, lightning current waveshape, atmospheric conductivity, via different electron density profiles, and the effect of ionization, attachment and electron mobility coefficients in the electrical breakdown process, related to halo production, and sprite streamer initiation. The results showed that electrons with higher mobility are more efficient in shielding the lightning electric field before breakdown, causing delay, and they contribute to the formation of the streamer seed after breakdown, anticipating the sprite streamer inception. Similarly, a higher effective ionization rate, produced by modifications in the attachment and ionization coefficients, anticipates sprite inception. The simulations with 6 different electron density profiles, and therefore conductivities, spanning 4 orders of magnitude, showed that the altitude of breakdown and sprite initiation, as well as their time delays from the lightning discharge are directly related to atmospheric conductivity: higher conductivities produce halo and sprite inception at lower altitudes with longer delays and may hinder sprite formation. We document that variations of 30 times in the lightning current leads to sprite initiation altitudes in the range 66.0–73.5 km, with delays between 1.550 and 34.500 ms, while variations of 4 orders of magnitude in the conductivity profile lead to initiation altitudes 61.0–70.6 km, with delays in the range 3.825–9.825 ms. Consequently, we suggest that lightning characteristics dominate over atmospheric parameters in determining sprites’ initiation altitude and delay. The simulation of a −CG, with a constant current of 30 kA, did not produce a sprite seed, confirming an asymmetry in the response of the atmosphere to positive and negative lightning. This is due to the free electron drift direction that is away from the screening ionization wave, preventing the formation of the streamer seed for the great majority of −CGs. The same does not apply to halos, which depend on the occurrence of breakdown and can be produced by discharges of both polarities.     

飞机复合材料雷击防护层设计与应用

结合复合材料自身的弱导电性特点,通过在其表面增加导电功能层的方式解决复合材料的防雷击问题.设计了复合材料表面火焰喷涂铝涂层、粘接铝箔网及粘接铝箔三种雷击防护层形式,并对三种防护层的制备工艺特点、导电性及适用性进行了研究和分析.结果表明:以上三种雷击防护层显著地提高了复合材料的导电性并具有很好的适用性.     

IEL&HIRF传递函数分析预测与系统定义

讨论闪电间接效应和高强度辐射场的飞机传递函数的同步测量与分析计算,论述飞机系统设备对闪电间接效应或高强度辐射场响应的分析预测方法,说明系统定义中电磁兼容及设备电磁防护的设计方法。