主燃级喷嘴和燃油分级后雾化特性实验研究(“两机”专刊)

为优化高温升主燃烧室燃烧性能,对三级旋流主燃烧室开展雾化特性试验研究。预燃级喷嘴采用离心喷嘴压力雾化和气动雾化相结合,主燃级采用预膜式气动雾化。试验采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪对主预燃级喷嘴和燃油分级后的雾化特性进行研究,对比分析了不同头部压降和燃油流量在不同轴向截面和径向位置的液滴粒径分布,并利用高速摄像对不同工况下的喷雾形态进行了记录。试验结果表明：主燃级油雾粒径为50~80μm,气液比达到3.5即可达到良好的雾化水平。随着轴向距离延长,喷雾粒径变大,喷雾浓度变得均匀。燃油分级比增加可降低整体粒径约10μm,且主要影响中心区域,对雾锥外侧粒径影响不大。     

壁式与径向组合稳定器的流动与点火特性研究

为实现多模态冲压燃烧室全工况范围内的可靠点火及稳定燃烧,本文提出一种壁式稳定器和径向稳定器组合设计方案以提高在高速来流下的点火与传焰性能。本文数值研究了壁式+径向组合稳定器在不同结构参数下的流动特性,试验测量不同结构组合稳定器的点火极限,并利用回流率、质量交换率以及流动停留时间等参数揭示稳定器结构参数对点火性能的影响。研究结果表明：台阶高度及径向稳定器倾角通过改变流场结构进而影响点火性能。台阶高度越高,回流区结构越大,点火极限越低;在与径向稳定器组合后,值班稳定器内回流区沿径向稳定器向主流冷流区延伸,散热增强,同时点火释放能量易被径向回流带出值班区,因此点火极限增加。随着径向稳定器前倾角度增加,回流区与主流质量交换增加,流动停留时间缩短,导致点火性能的降低。本文结果可为多模态冲压发动机的工程研制提供技术支撑。     

航空用燃料电池及混合电推进系统发展综述

随着世界范围内碳减排需求的日益增长及长航时飞机的发展需要,高效率的燃料电池航空电推进系统逐渐受到重视,氢能航空的理念被人们所熟知。可使用碳氢燃料的高温燃料电池还可与燃气涡轮组成混合动力系统,发电效率进一步提高至70%。本文首先回顾了燃料电池及燃料电池涡轮混合系统在航空能源、动力系统方向应用概况;接着,概述了几种突破现有涡轮发动机技术瓶颈的新概念混合电推进系统,如发电与推进一体化燃料电池涡轮混合动力系统和无涡轮燃料电池混合推进系统;基于此,本文分析了限制燃料电池混合系统实际应用的关键技术难题,主要体现在混合动力系统功重比较低、大分子碳氢燃料重整技术未突破两方面。     

在横向气流中直射式喷嘴侧喷雾化细度的试验研究

应用激光散射测雾技术对均匀和不均匀横向气流中单个直射式喷嘴雾化细度作了试验研究。试验得出雾化细度 (索太尔平均直径) 随空气速度、供油压力、喷嘴孔径以及空气速度分布的变化规律。     

Convex optimisation approach to constrained fuel optimal control of spacecraft in close relative motion

This paper describes an interesting and powerful approach to the constrained fuel-optimal control of spacecraft in close relative motion. The proposed approach is well suited for problems under linear dynamic equations, therefore perfectly fitting to the case of spacecraft flying in close relative motion. If the solution of the optimisation is approximated as a polynomial with respect to the time variable, then the problem can be approached with a technique developed in the control engineering community, known as “Sum Of Squares” (SOS), and the constraints can be reduced to bounds on the polynomials. Such a technique allows rewriting polynomial bounding problems in the form of convex optimisation problems, at the cost of a certain amount of conservatism. The principles of the techniques are explained and some application related to spacecraft flying in close relative motion are shown.     

航天器推力器配置的两项新性能指标

以完善推力器配置的性能分析为目的,从推力器配置对误差的鲁棒性以及燃耗这两个角度出发,提出了两项新的性能指标--配置阵的最小奇异值和平均燃耗.首先,由矩阵相关理论引入了配置阵的最小奇异值,并通过算例验证了它反映配置阵抗干扰能力的有效性;然后分析了控制指令的空间分布与配置推力矢量的空间分布之间的关系,通过仿真算例验证了它在反映不同配置的燃耗差异上的有效性.     

Efficiency optimized fuel supply strategy of aircraft engine based on air-fuel ratio control

Accurate fuel injection control of aircraft engine can optimize the energy efficiency of UAV power system while meeting the propeller speed requirement. Traditional injection control method such as open-loop calibration causes instability of fuel supply which brings the risk of power loss of UAV. Considering that the closed-loop control of AFR can ensure a stable fuel feeding, this paper proposes an AFR control based fuel supply strategy in order to improve the efficiency of fuel-powered UAV while obtaining the required engine speed. According to the optimum fuel injection results, we implement fuzzy-PID method to control the set AFR in different situations. Through simulation and experiment studies, the results indicate that, to begin with, the calibrated mathematical model of the aircraft engine is effective. Next, this fuel supply strategy based on AFR control can normally realize the engine speed regulation, and the applied control algorithm can eliminate the overshoot of AFR throughout all the working progress. What is more,the fuel supply strategy can averagely shorten the response time of the engine speed by about two seconds. In addition, compared with the open-loop calibration, in this work the power efficiency is improved by 9% to 33%. Last but not the least, the endurance can be improved by 30 min with a normal engine speed. This paper can be a reference for the optimization of UAV aircraft engine.     

基于粒子群算法的航空离心泵复合叶轮优化设计研究

针对航空离心泵复合叶轮三元扭曲型线的优化设计问题,基于Matlab平台采用五点四次Bezier曲线控制四条轴面流线的空间圆周角度分布,实现复合叶型的参数化设计。在此基础上,应用批处理联合仿真方法对125组优化空间样本进行数值模拟,并以效率函数为目标,基于高斯型径向基函数构建复合叶轮型线参数的性能代理模型。最后采用粒子群算法对优化设计参数进行全局寻优搜索。结果表明,代理模型的修正复相关系数为0.9269,标准差为0.1036,能够满足参数预测的性能要求,优化后整泵水力效率提高2.72%。     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大，以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪，设计了元件破损模拟实验，对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析，确定了¹³⁵Xe，⁸⁸Kr，¹³⁸Xe，⁸⁸Rb，¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时，制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV，含⁶⁰Co，¹³⁷Cs，¹³³Ba；²⁴¹Am，¹⁵²Eu；¹⁰⁹Cd，⁸⁸Y，⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液，在建立的效率校准系统上，校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中，已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致，表明效率校准结果准确，校准方法可靠。     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.