突加高能载荷作用下航空发动机结构动态响应及安全性综述

航空发动机在服役期间可能遭受鸟撞、叶片丢失等突加高能载荷的作用,造成发动机整机/部件动力学特性恶化和关键构件的损伤,危及发动机的结构安全性。本文从突加高能载荷复现方法与传递规律、突加高能载荷作用下转子/整机结构响应研究、突加高能载荷作用下关键构件损伤机理三个方面综述了现有研究工作,并针对近年来发展的抗突加高能载荷的安全性设计方法进行了探讨,最后分析了突加高能载荷问题的科学本质及发展趋势,为突加高能载荷作用下航空发动机安全性设计提供了重要参考。     

热载与进口气流条件对柱肋通道换热的影响

目前关于燃气涡轮叶片冷却的实验研究多数是在常温常压进口气流和低壁温条件下进行的,而实际燃气涡轮叶片的冷却气流为来自于压气机的高温高压空气,且涡轮叶片壁面热载（定义为加热壁面壁温与冷却气流进口温度之比）很高。为了掌握热载与进口气流条件对于涡轮叶片尾缘内部冷却通道的冷却效果的影响,本文在考虑空气物性随温度变化的情况下,采用数值模拟方法进行了相关的计算和分析。计算选取了两种进口气流条件（常温常压、高温高压）,热载为1.1-1.9,进口气流雷诺数为5×103-1×105。计算结果表明,进口气流雷诺数一定的情况下,随着热载的增大,通道内换热能力降低,流动阻力系数增大;与常温常压进口气流条件相比,高温高压进口气流条件导致通道努塞尔数降低,并且努塞尔数在高热载条件的降低更为显著;在进口气流雷诺数为60000的条件下,高温高压进口气流、热载为1.9的条件下通道的努塞尔数比与常温常压进口气流条件、热载为1.1条件下通道的努塞尔数降低了15.8%,且随着进口气流雷诺数的提高,通道换热的削弱程度进一步增大。本文的研究表明,涡轮叶片的冷却设计必须考虑叶片冷却的实际条件,并对实验数据结果进行合理修正。     

Effect of Coriolis and centrifugal forces on flow and heat transfer at high rotation number and high density ratio in non orthogonally internal cooling channel

Numerical predictions of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer are performed for a two-pass square channel with 45° staggered ribs in non-orthogonally mode-rotation using the second moment closure model. At Reynolds number of 25,000, the rotation numbers studied were 0,0.24, 0.35 and 1.00. The density ratios were 0.13, 0.23 and 0.50. The results show that at high buoyancy parameter and high rotation number with a low density ratio, the flow in the first passage is governed by the secondary flow induced by the rotation whereas the secondary flow induced by the skewed ribs was almost distorted. As a result the heat transfer rate is enhanced on both co-trailing and co-leading sides compared to low and medium rotation number. In contrast, for the second passage, the rotation slightly reduces the heat transfer rate on co-leading side at high rotation number with a low density ratio and degrades it significantly on both co-trailing and co-leading sides at high buoyancy parameter compared to the stationary, low and medium rotation numbers. The numerical results are in fair agreement with available experimental data in the bend region and the second passage, while in the first passage were overestimated at low and medium rotation numbers.     

汽轮机叶片叶型测量综述

详细介绍了目前国内外汽轮机叶片和飞机叶片的主要测量方法的测量原理及每１种测量方法能达到的测量精度。最后，作者对叶片未来测量仪器的设计提出了一些自已的观点和建议，对叶片测量仪器的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

采用弯叶片的不同折转角压气机叶栅流场气动性能

实验研究了叶片弯曲对不同叶型折转角环形扩压叶栅气动性能的影响,分析了叶栅出口总压损失和二次流速度矢量分布,并给出了壁面静压分布及壁面墨迹流动显示结果。研究结果表明,叶型折转角越大损失分布的对称性越差,根部损失增加明显;弯曲角度和叶型折转角的增大将使得正弯叶栅吸力面反“C”型静压分布加剧,60°叶型折转角叶栅中径处负荷随叶片弯曲角度变化的敏感性强,大弯角时气流易分离,导致总损失激增;综合来说,对比直叶栅,正弯15°叶栅在各种叶型折转角正弯叶栅中减小损失效果最好。     

大弯角串列叶型优化设计与数值分析

以50°弯角多圆弧单列叶栅和串列叶栅为研究对象,应用数值模拟手段对所设计的两类叶栅进行数值分析,获取了其不同来流马赫数条件下的性能和流动细节。应用NSGAⅡ遗传算法结合BP神经网络技术,对串列叶栅的五个关键几何参数进行优化设计,验证了优化方法的可行性。研究结果表明:在全攻角范围内,串列叶栅的静压比都高于单列叶栅,负攻角范围内,串列叶栅损失低于单列叶栅;经过优化,串列叶栅在大负攻角下的性能略有降低,同时改善了正攻角性能,在4°攻角、0.8马赫数时静压比提升4.3%,总压损失系数降低42%;优化后串列叶栅在全工况范围内性能都要优于单列叶栅,并且串列叶栅最大压比点和最小损失点攻角均向右漂移2°。     

Sensitivity of a physically realizable heliogyro root pitch control system to inherent damping models

The heliogyro solar sail employs high aspect ratio blades that are rigidized by spinning about the central spacecraft, eliminating the need for structural booms typically used to tension traditional square sails. The easily scalable heliogyro gains its maneuverability by actuating the blades at their root with sinusoidal pitch profiles. The blade vibration caused by maneuvering must be attenuated using active control since there is little inherent damping in the blade material. Due to the small root pitch control torques required, on the order of 2 µNm, compared to the large friction torques associated with a root pitch actuator, it has only recently been shown that a single blade heliogyro impedance controller can add damping to the lowest frequency torsional modes of the blade in the presence of modeled actuator friction torques. However, the need to measure blade twist away from the actuator at the root creates a non-collocated control system. Some inherent damping at the blade’s higher frequency modes is therefore needed to stably add damping to the larger-magnitude low-frequency modes, hence control design is sensitive to the accuracy of the blade damping model. Recently, damping characterization tests performed on a small-scale heliogyro blade in a high-vacuum chamber invalidated the assumption of a linear viscous torsional blade damping model that was previously used in blade control designs. This paper describes the formulation of three modal damping models based on the new experimental data and their integration into the single blade heliogyro model. A comparison of the robustness and performance envelopes for the baseline proximal blade twist feedback controller using these damping models shows the ability to meet the required settling time of less than 720 s necessary for a heliogyro technology demonstration mission. This comparison of physically realizable root pitch control systems for a heliogyro blade is critical to increasing the sailcraft to Technology Readiness Level three.     

An experimental method for squealer tip flow field considering relative casing motion

Squealer tip is widely used in turbines to reduce tip leakage loss. In typical turbine environment, the squealer tip leakage flow is affected by multiple factors such as the relative casing motion and the wide range of variable incidence angles. The development of experimental methods which can accurately model the real turbine environment and influencing factors is of great significance to study the squealer tip leakage flow mechanism. In the present paper, a low-speed turbine cascade test facility which can model the relative casing motion and wide range of variable incidence angles (−25° to 55°) is built. Based on the similarity criteria, a high-low speed similarity transformation method of the turbine cascade is established by considering the thickness of the turbine blade. A combined testing method of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and local pressure measurement is proposed to obtain the complex flow structures within the tip cavity. The results show that the experimental method can successfully model the relative casing motion and the wide range of variable incidence angles. The low-speed cascade obtained by the similarity transformation can model the high-speed flow accurately. The measurement technique developed can obtain the complex flow field and successfully capture the scraping vortex within the squealer tip.     

Investigations of tip-jet and exhaust jet development in a ducted fan

The major aim of this work is to investigate the tip-jet and exhaust jet development in a ducted fan as well as the impact on the fan’s performance. The flow field of the ducted fans under the solidity varied from 0.2 to 0.7 are simulated by using the shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model with a refined high-quality structured grid. The exhaust jet trajectory, expanding range and the flow intersection of the jet and mainstream in the blade passage are analyzed. As the results suggest, the flow direction of the exhaust jet is deflected by the downwash and Coanda effect. The major decay region of the exhaust jet can extend at least 2 times the blade chord downstream from the blade trailing edge. The blade circulation is impacted by the tip-jet rather than the exhaust jet from the upstream when the blade tip pitch angle is 8°, and the fan solidity is less than 0.7. The blade tip thrust is reduced by the interruption from the exhaust jet when the blade tip pitch angle is 2°, and the fan solidity is larger than 0.3.     

考虑耦合损伤的燃气轮机叶片材料高低周复合疲劳寿命研究

燃气轮机叶片在实际工作过程中,受到高低周载荷共同作用而易发生疲劳失效.针对高低周复合疲劳损伤演化和寿命预测比较复杂这一问题,考虑高低周载荷叠加形成的耦合损伤,建立了一种新的高低周复合疲劳寿命预测模型,在此基础之上,引入弱化函数描述某些低幅高周载荷对复合损伤的弱化作用,建立了具有低载强化寿命效应的高低周复合疲劳寿命预测模...