Airside pressure drop characteristics of three analogous serpentine tube heat exchangers considering heat transfer for aero-engine cooling

This study explores the design, analysis, and air pressure drop assessment of three analogous air–fuel heat exchangers consisting of thin serpentine tube bundles intended for use in high Mach number aero-engines. In high speed flight, the compressor bleed air used to cool high temperature turbine blades and other hot components is too hot. Hence, aviation kerosene is applied to precool the compressor bleed air by means of novel air–fuel heat exchangers. Three light and compact heat exchangers including dozens of in-line thin serpentine tube bundles were designed and manufactured, with little difference existing in aspects of tube pitches and outer diameters among three heat exchangers. The fuel flows inside a series of parallel stainless serpentine tubes (outer diameter: 2.2, 1.8, 1.4 mm with 0.2 mm thickness), while the air externally flows normal to tube bundles and countercurrent with fuel. Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the airside pressure drop characteristics on isothermal states with the variation of air mass flow rates and inlet temperatures. Non-isothermal measurements have also been performed to research the effect of heat transfer on pressure drops. The experimental results show that inlet temperatures have significant influence on pressure drops, and higher temperatures lead to higher pressure drops at the same mass flow rate. The hydraulic resistance coefficient decreases quickly with Reynolds number, and the descent rate slows down when Re > 6000 for all three heat exchangers. Additionally, the pressure drop on heat transfer states is less than that on isothermal states for the same average temperatures. Moreover, the pressure drop through heat exchangers is greatly affected by attack angles and transverse pitches, and an asymmetric M-shaped velocity profile is generated in the cross-section of sector channels.     

Nonlinear modal electromechanical coupling factor for piezoelectric structures containing nonlinearities

Within the linear framework, the Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor (MEMCF) is an important indicator to quantify the dynamic conversion of mechanical energy and electrical energy of piezoelectric structures. It is also an important tool to guide the piezoelectric damping design of linear structures. Advanced aircraft often fly in maneuvers, and the variable working conditions induce drastic changes in the load level on structures. Geometric and contact nonlinearities of thin-walled structures and joint structures are often activated. To achieve a good vibration reduction effect covering all working conditions, one cannot directly use linear electromechanical coupling theory to instruct the piezoelectric damping design for nonlinear structures. Therefore, this paper defines the Nonlinear Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor (NMEMCF) and proposes the corresponding numerical method for the first time to quantitatively evaluate the electromechanical coupling capability of nonlinear piezoelectric structures. Three candidate definitions of the NMEMCF are given, including two frequency definitions and one energy definition. The energy definition is the most promising one. It is not only applicable to both conservative and dissipative nonlinear structures but also compatible with the linear MEMCF. In addition, based on the energy formula, the NMEMCF can be obtained by only performing one nonlinear modal analysis in the open-circuit state. The analytical findings and the numerical tool are validated against two piezoelectric structures with different types of nonlinearities. A strong correlation among the NMEMCF, geometric parameters, and energy dissipation is observed. The results confirm that the proposed NMEMCF captures the physics of the electromechanical coupling phenomenon associated with nonlinear piezoelectric structures and can be used as an essential design indicator of piezoelectric damping, especially for variable working conditions.     

Study on dynamic stiffness of supporting structure and its influence on vibration of rotors

The dynamic response of the rotor depends on not only itself but also the dynamical characteristics of the structures that support it. In this paper, the coupling vibration characteristics of the rotor and supporting structure are studied using one simple rotor-supports model firstly, and then the dynamic stiffness of the typical supporting structure of an aero-engine is investigated in use of both numerical and experimental methods. While, one simulation strategy is developed to include dynamic stiffness of realistic supports in the dynamical analysis of the rotor system. The simulated and tested results show that the dynamic stiffness of the supporting structure not only depends on the structural parameters but also is related to the frequency of the excitation force. The dynamic stiffness is affected by the damping and inertia effect when the excitation frequency is high and closed to the resonance frequency of the support, which may decrease the dynamic stiffness sharply. More resonance frequencies may be induced and the critical speed could be reduced or increased. While higher vibration response peak and overload of the bearing may also be caused by the varied dynamic stiffness, which needs to be avoided in the design of the rotor-supports system.     

Investigation of flow unsteadiness in a highly-loaded compressor cascade using a dynamic mode decomposition method

Unsteady flow in the hub endwall region has long been a hot topic in the turbomachinery community. However important it is to the performance of the whole engine, the coherent unsteady flow phenomena are still not well understood. In this paper, the complex flow field in the hub endwall of a cantilevered compressor cascade has been investigated through numerical approach. The predicted results were validated by experimental data. To highlight the dominant flow structures among irregular and chao...     

飞机燃油系统全飞行剖面热边界模拟与温度预测

通过仿真实验和机器学习，对影响飞机燃油系统温度的主要因素进行了研究，并对燃油系统温度进行了预测。对飞机燃油系统的基本结构布局进行了描述。利用Simulink仿真平台建立了燃油系统热动态仿真，该模型可以模拟出全飞行剖面下燃油回路各个节点的温度，通过改变不同的条件得到影响燃油系统各个节点温度的主要影响因素，并通过机器学习模型对燃油系统的温度进行预测。研究成果可以估计和感知燃油系统的工作温度及飞机液压、滑油等系统的工作温度，为进一步进行燃油液压系统的热边界感知和机载液压与机电系统热载荷吸收控制打下基础。      

Experimental study on flow excursion instability of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel in scramjet regenerative cooling parallel channels

Flow instability of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel is a crucial issue in scramjet regenerative cooling structure. In this study, flow excursion instability and flow distribution in parallel tubes were experimentally studied for supercritical fluids. Two types of flow excursion occur in a single tube. Type I and Type II excursions, and they are corresponding to decreasing and increasing flow rate respectively. They can trigger flow maldistribution between parallel tubes and the hysteresis phenomenon of flow distribution. The effects of system parameters, including inlet temperature, system pressure, and heat flux, on flow distribution were analyzed. In addition, the relationship between flow excursion and the pseudo-critical interval proposed in the literature was established according to the heated tube outlet temperature at the onset of flow instability. Finally, the flow excursion instability boundary was obtained using two dimensionless parameters. These experimental results can provide helpful insight on the mechanism of Scramjet regenerative cooling.     

基于燃料电池的复合电源式装载机分层控制

装载机能耗高、排放差, 研究装载机新能源技术具有重要意义。结合装载机工况特性提出了燃料电池与超级电容联合驱动的电源系统, 围绕复杂工况下燃料电池和超级电容系统动态模型的实时工况数据进行自适应能量管理策略研究。设计了复合电源拓扑结构与动力传动方案, 建立装载机复杂工况下系统多状态模型, 基于Haar小波理论对整车系统进行功率分流, 提出模糊逻辑能量管理策略动态平衡需求功率中的低频分量, 采用粒子群算法对控制系统进行优化。仿真结果显示:载荷功率经过最优阈值3层Haar小波处理后, 功率变化大幅度减缓, 有效提升燃料电池系统的寿命；模糊逻辑控制器输出的燃料电池功率曲线变化光滑, 超级电容SOC值处于设定区域内, 提高复合电源系统的综合效率；经过粒子群算法优化控制器后, 燃料电池输出平均功率同比下降约5%, 超级电容SOC值在约0.6达到动态平衡状态, 改善了装载机的动态响应和稳定性。      

Control of squealer-tip leakage flow with perforated-rib coolant injection in an axial turbine cascade

A novel perforated-rib configuration is proposed for controlling the tip leakage flow at the rotor tip of an axial turbine. Three perforated-rib layouts are considered, wherein a perforated rib is installed at (A) the Suction-Side squealer (SS-rib), (B) the Pressure-Side squealer (PS-rib), and (C) the additional squealer along the blade Camber Line (CL-rib). A numerical method is used to show how the novel rib layouts affect the aerodynamic performance of the tip leakage flow. Results show that the coolant jets issuing from the perforated-rib injection holes penetrate deeper into the tip clearance than those in the baseline squealer-tip case, and how the perforated-rib coolant injection affects the tip leakage flow depends strongly on the rib layout. The PS-rib and CL-rib layouts appear promising for controlling the tip leakage flow, playing a significant role in reducing the total pressure loss and improving the turbine blade’s isentropic efficiency. In particular, under an injection mass flow ratio of 1% and a tip clearance of 1% blade span, the PS-rib layout reduces the leakage mass flow rate by 27% and increases the isentropic efficiency by 1.25% compared with those in the baseline squealer-tip case. Meanwhile, the advantages of the PS-rib layout in tip leakage control are confirmed under small and large tip clearances.     

基于LMI的过渡态主控回路闭环控制律优化设计

针对涡扇发动机过渡态多变量控制设计难的问题，提出了一种基于抽功法在过渡态加减速线上的准稳态工作点处提取线性模型的方法，并在此基础上提出了一种过渡态主控回路闭环控制律的优化设计方法。通过功率输入和功率提取解决过渡态动态特征提取难题，基于增益调度可作为非线性动态控制策略的基本原理，将稳态多变量控制规律的线性矩阵不等式(LMI)设计方法推广到涡扇发动机过渡态主控回路闭环控制的设计中，并通过最小化矩阵迹优化闭环极点配置。针对2种不同过渡态主控回路闭环控制策略，分别设计了最小化矩阵迹寻优的过渡态主控回路的多变量闭环控制律，并进行从慢车到中间状态的基于涡扇发动机非线性动态模型的双通道过渡态性能仿真验证，结果表明:方案1过渡态控制双通道N₁、N₂的调节时间不大于5.0 s，超调量不大于0.8%；方案2过渡态控制双通道π_T、N₂的调节时间不大于5.6 s，超调量不大于0.8%。      

Feasibility analysis of solar thermal propulsion system with thermal energy storage

Possessing relatively high specific impulse and moderate thrust levels, solar thermal propulsion (STP) is a promising candidate in spacecraft propulsion system. However, the traditional solar thermal propulsion system suffers from thrust failure in the shadow area, which seriously affects its applicability. In this paper, we investigate feasibility of regenerative solar thermal propulsion system (RSTP) incorporating thermal energy storage, which can effectively overcome unmatched synchronous working time and illumination time. A numerical model for RSTP considering the whole energy transfer process from light concentrating, heat storage, to thrust generation is built, which is verified by experiment measurements with relative errors less than 15 %. The result shows that the maximum time to complete heat storage is about 4000 s, which is within the illumination time for low Earth orbit. In the solar eclipse region, the thrust (F_t) and the specific impulse (I_sp) of the system increase with the propellant flow rate, which can reach about 2 N and 690 s, respectively. What’s more, the system can operate for around 100 s continuously at the maximum thrust in the shadow area. This work provides alternative approaches for microsatellite propulsion with high specific impulse, high thrust, and continuous operation despite presence of solar eclipse.