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71.
Robert J. Ferl Agata Zupanska April Spinale David Reed Susan Manning-Roach George Guerra David R. Cox Anna-Lisa Paul 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Molecular biology experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) continue to face challenges of sample harvesting and sample return to earth for post flight analysis; however, the use of Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tubes filled with RNALater has proven to be a robust solution to many of these challenges. While it is clear that one direction of future spaceflight experimentation may be towards enhanced on-orbit analytical capabilities, the rapid progress of earth-bound analytical capacity dictates that facile return of molecular biology samples from the ISS will continue to be a mainstay of space life sciences research and flight operations. In this paper we present a case study of the successful performance of KFTs and RNALater over a broad set of operational conditions of ascent configuration, on-orbit experiment use, on-orbit storage and sample return configurations that are unique to ISS current operations and constraints. We also provide observations on performance limits and discuss deployment opportunities and scenarios that are consistent with continued successful ISS molecular biology experimentation. 相似文献
72.
Meteor Phenomena and Bodies 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Zdeněk Ceplecha JiřÍ Borovička W. Graham Elford Douglas O. ReVelle Robert L. Hawkes VladimÍr Porubčan Miloš Šimek 《Space Science Reviews》1998,84(3-4):327-471
Meteoroids can be observed at collision with the Earth's atmosphere as meteors. Different methods of observing meteors are
presented: besides the traditional counts of individual events, exact methods yield also data on the geometry of the atmospheric
trajectory; on the dynamics and ablation of the body in the atmosphere; on radiation; on the spectral distribution of radiation;
on ionization; on accompanying sounds; and also data on orbits. Theoretical models of meteoroid interaction with the atmosphere
are given and applied to observational data. Attention is paid to radar observations; to spectroscopic observations; to experiments
with artificial meteors and to different types of meteor sounds. The proposed composition and structure of meteoroids as well
as their orbits link them to meteorites, asteroids and comets. Meteor streams can be observed as meteor showers and storms.
The rate of influx of meteoroids of different sizes onto Earth is presented and potential hazards discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
73.
Robert H. Nichols Jr. 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):113-122
Variations in the abundances of short-lived radionuclides such as 26Al (τ1/2 ≈ 0.74 Ma) and 53Mn (τ1/2 ≈ 3.7 Ma) in meteoritic solids may be used to infer relative formation intervals of these solids in the nebula at precisions
of less than 1 Ma. In a strict chronometric interpretation of the isotopic variations, whereby criteria such as spatial and
temporal isotopic homogeneity and closed system isotopic evolution are met, solid formation occurred in the nebula for at
least several million years. This is longer than some theoretical and astronomical estimates for the duration of the active
nebula. The evidence for live 41Ca (τ1/2 ≈ 0.10 Ma) in meteoritic inclusions further indicates that the onset of solid formation occurred quite early, perhaps within
a few hundred thousand years after the onset of the collapse of the sun's parent molecular cloud. Failure of the chronometric
interpretation may arise for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, the late, inhomogeneous injection of material
from a nearby stellar source or the local production of short-lived radionuclides by an energetic particle irradiation, e. g., from T Tauri (X-wind) or galactic cosmic ray sources. Although some isotopic evidence exists that the criteria required
for a strict chronometric interpretation are not met by each of the short-lived chronometers, there is no compelling reason
to shorten the interval of solid formation in the nebula to less than 1 Ma.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
74.
Martin Tluczykont Daniel Hampf Dieter Horns Tanja Kneiske Robert Eichler Rayk Nachtigall Gavin Rowell 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The question of the origin of cosmic rays and other questions of astroparticle and particle physics can be addressed with indirect air-shower observations above 10 TeV primary energy. We propose to explore the cosmic ray and γ-ray sky (accelerator sky) in the energy range from 10 TeV to 1 EeV with the new ground-based large-area wide angle (ΔΩ ∼ 0.85 sterad) air-shower detector HiSCORE (Hundred∗i Square-km Cosmic ORigin Explorer). The HiSCORE detector is based on non-imaging air-shower Cherenkov light-front sampling using an array of light-collecting stations. A full detector simulation and basic reconstruction algorithms have been used to assess the performance of HiSCORE. First prototype studies for different hardware components of the detector array have been carried out. The resulting sensitivity of HiSCORE to γ-rays will be comparable to CTA at 50 TeV and will extend the sensitive energy range for γ-rays up to the PeV regime. HiSCORE will also be sensitive to charged cosmic rays between 100 TeV and 1 EeV. 相似文献
75.
James R. Drummond Jiansheng Zou Florian Nichitiu Jayanta Kar Robert Deschambaut John Hackett 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument has provided more than nine years of global carbon monoxide (CO) measurements on a continuous basis since its launch aboard the Terra Spacecraft on December 18th, 1999. This paper gives an overview of the core sub-system performance and major issues of the in-flight instrument over the mission period. Some of the instrument anomalies are also discussed. The major successes are: (1) the concept of using a combination of correlation systems such as Length Modulated Cells (LMCs) and Pressure Modulated Cells (PMCs) to retrieve CO profiles in the troposphere; (2) the redundant design in the instrumentation which was crucial for coping with unexpected in-flight anomalies and for continuing the mission in the case of component failure; (3) the thermal environment on orbit that is so stable that some calibration procedures are not necessary; and (4) the recent production of CO total column retrieved from the MOPITT 2.3 μm channel. 相似文献
76.
Alankrita Isha Mrigakshi Daniel Matthiä Thomas Berger Günther Reitz Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The evidently low solar activity observed between solar cycles 23 and 24 during the years 2008–2010 led to a substantial increase in the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity in comparison with preceding solar minima. As the GCRs consist of highly-ionizing charged particles having the potential to cause biological damage, they are a subject of concern for manned missions to space. With the enhanced particle fluxes observed between 2008 and 2010, it is reasonable to assume that the radiation exposure from GCR must have also increased to unusually high levels. In this paper, the GCR exposure outside and inside the Earth’s magnetosphere is numerically calculated for time periods starting from 1970 to the end of 2011 in order to investigate the increase in dose levels during the years 2008–2010 in comparison with the last three solar minima. The dose rates were calculated in a water sphere, used as a surrogate for the human body, either unshielded or surrounded by aluminium shielding of 0.3, 10 or 40 g/cm2. 相似文献
77.
78.
Dorr RF 《Aerospace America》2003,41(10):8-9, 41
Current legislative activity in Washington includes plans for hearings and proposed changes to NASA after the publication of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report in August, 2003. Also reviewed are legislative interest in airline safety and armed forces expansion. 相似文献
79.
Xu J Ramian GJ Galan JF Savvidis PG Scopatz AM Birge RR Allen SJ Plaxco KW 《Astrobiology》2003,3(3):489-504
We propose a terahertz (far-infrared) circular dichroism-based life-detection technology that may provide a universal and unequivocal spectroscopic signature of living systems regardless of their genesis. We argue that, irrespective of the specifics of their chemistry, all life forms will employ well-structured, chiral, stereochemically pure macromolecules (>500 atoms) as the catalysts with which they perform their metabolic and replicative functions. We also argue that nearly all such macromolecules will absorb strongly at terahertz frequencies and exhibit significant circular dichroism, and that this circular dichroism unambiguously distinguishes biological from abiological materials. Lastly, we describe several approaches to the fabrication of a terahertz circular dichroism spectrometer and provide preliminary experimental indications of their feasibility. Because terahertz circular dichroism signals arise from the molecular machinery necessary to carry out life's metabolic and genetic processes, this life-detection method differs fundamentally from more well-established approaches based on the detection of isotopic fractionation, "signature" carbon compounds, disequilibria, or other by-products of metabolism. Moreover, terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy detects this machinery in a manner that makes few, if any, assumptions as to its chemical nature or the processes that it performs. 相似文献
80.
The Geology of Mercury: The View Prior to the MESSENGER Mission 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James W. Head Clark R. Chapman Deborah L. Domingue S. Edward Hawkins III William E. McClintock Scott L. Murchie Louise M. Prockter Mark S. Robinson Robert G. Strom Thomas R. Watters 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):41-84
Mariner 10 and Earth-based observations have revealed Mercury, the innermost of the terrestrial planetary bodies, to be an
exciting laboratory for the study of Solar System geological processes. Mercury is characterized by a lunar-like surface,
a global magnetic field, and an interior dominated by an iron core having a radius at least three-quarters of the radius of
the planet. The 45% of the surface imaged by Mariner 10 reveals some distinctive differences from the Moon, however, with
major contractional fault scarps and huge expanses of moderate-albedo Cayley-like smooth plains of uncertain origin. Our current
image coverage of Mercury is comparable to that of telescopic photographs of the Earth’s Moon prior to the launch of Sputnik
in 1957. We have no photographic images of one-half of the surface, the resolution of the images we do have is generally poor
(∼1 km), and as with many lunar telescopic photographs, much of the available surface of Mercury is distorted by foreshortening
due to viewing geometry, or poorly suited for geological analysis and impact-crater counting for age determinations because
of high-Sun illumination conditions. Currently available topographic information is also very limited. Nonetheless, Mercury
is a geological laboratory that represents (1) a planet where the presence of a huge iron core may be due to impact stripping
of the crust and upper mantle, or alternatively, where formation of a huge core may have resulted in a residual mantle and
crust of potentially unusual composition and structure; (2) a planet with an internal chemical and mechanical structure that
provides new insights into planetary thermal history and the relative roles of conduction and convection in planetary heat
loss; (3) a one-tectonic-plate planet where constraints on major interior processes can be deduced from the geology of the
global tectonic system; (4) a planet where volcanic resurfacing may not have played a significant role in planetary history
and internally generated volcanic resurfacing may have ceased at ∼3.8 Ga; (5) a planet where impact craters can be used to
disentangle the fundamental roles of gravity and mean impactor velocity in determining impact crater morphology and morphometry;
(6) an environment where global impact crater counts can test fundamental concepts of the distribution of impactor populations
in space and time; (7) an extreme environment in which highly radar-reflective polar deposits, much more extensive than those
on the Moon, can be better understood; (8) an extreme environment in which the basic processes of space weathering can be
further deduced; and (9) a potential end-member in terrestrial planetary body geological evolution in which the relationships
of internal and surface evolution can be clearly assessed from both a tectonic and volcanic point of view. In the half-century
since the launch of Sputnik, more than 30 spacecraft have been sent to the Moon, yet only now is a second spacecraft en route
to Mercury. The MESSENGER mission will address key questions about the geologic evolution of Mercury; the depth and breadth
of the MESSENGER data will permit the confident reconstruction of the geological history and thermal evolution of Mercury
using new imaging, topography, chemistry, mineralogy, gravity, magnetic, and environmental data. 相似文献