From Titan’s tholins to Titan’s aerosols: Isotopic study and chemical evolution at Titan’s surface

In the present work, we focused on the possible isotopic fractionation of carbon during the processes involved in the formation of Titan’s tholins. We present the first results obtained on the ¹²C/¹³C isotopic ratios measured on Titan’s tholins synthesized in laboratory with cold plasma discharges. Measurements of isotopic ratio ¹²C/¹³C, done both on tholins and on the initial gas mixture (N₂:CH₄ (98:2)) used to produce them, do not show any evident deficit or enrichment in ¹³C relatively to ¹²C in the synthesized tholins, compared to the initial gas mixture. This observation allows to go further in the analyses of the ACP experiment data, including part of the Cassini–Huygens mission.     

高速球轴承打滑的临界负荷研究

对高速球轴承滚动体受力分析,得出其打滑机理.建立轴承零件相互位置关系模型确定了各零件的理论转速.用拟静力学和拟动力学结合的方法计算承受联合负荷球轴承的临界轴向负荷.以27927NK1W1(H)航空轴承为算例,研究了承受不同载荷的临界负荷.结果表明径向载荷对临界负荷值的影响较大;当保持架转速明显趋于平稳且承载滚动体不发生打滑时,得到承受联合负荷轴承的临界负荷.用Gupta的典型算例和Poplowski的试验结果对该方法的可靠性进行了验证.      

Process of establishing design requirements and selecting alternative configurations for conceptual design of a VLA

In this study, a process for establishing design requirements and selecting alternative con-figurations for the conceptual phase of aircraft design has been proposed. The proposed process uses system-engineering-based requirement-analysis techniques such as objective tree, analytic hier-archy process, and quality function deployment to establish logical and quantitative standards. Moreover, in order to perform a logical selection of alternative aircraft configurations, it uses advanced decision-making methods such as morphological matrix and technique for order prefer-ence by similarity to the ideal solution. In addition, a preliminary sizing tool has been developed to check the feasibility of the established performance requirements and to evaluate the flight perfor-mance of the selected configurations. The present process has been applied for a two-seater very light aircraft (VLA), resulting in a set of tentative design requirements and two families of VLA configurations: a high-wing configuration and a low-wing configuration. The resulting set of design requirements consists of three categories: customer requirements, certification requirements, and performance requirements. The performance requirements include two mission requirements for the flight range and the endurance by reflecting the customer requirements. The flight performances of the two configuration families were evaluated using the sizing tool developed and the low-wing configuration with conventional tails was selected as the best baseline configuration for the VLA.     

超临界喷射受环境和喷射参数影响的数值研究

基于PR(Peng-Robinson)状态方程,采用二维轴对称的两相流控制方程和相关文献中的混合规则,建立了超临界燃油喷射的数值模型并采用预处理方法进行求解.以正癸烷为替代燃料研究了超临界燃油喷射到静止超临界氮气环境中时射流长度和射流扩张角的变化规律.结果表明:超临界射流长度和射流扩张角随环境压力的升高而减小,随环境温度和喷射温度的升高而增加,且超临界射流长度受环境和喷射参数影响的敏感性稍高于射流扩张角.分析认为影响超临界喷射的两个主要因素是喷射密度比和喷射动量,且后者占主导地位.     

涡轮静叶叶型与气膜孔优化对气动与冷却性能影响

为研究气膜冷却涡轮叶片中叶型与气膜孔参数变化对涡轮静叶性能的影响,利用气膜冷却涡轮多目标优化平台对存在多列气膜孔的静叶进行多目标优化.获得在优化变量允许范围内针对气动效率与传热效果以及高温目标函数的Pareto前沿解集,整体性能得到了提高,不同方案中气动效率最高提升0.35%,叶片表面温度最大下降0.74%,高温函数降低的最大幅值为45.71%.结果表明:气动效率提升的主要原因是后弯角的提升使得叶型和二次流损失下降;接近驻点处前缘气膜孔方向的改变导致的冷气分流是叶片根部和前缘附近压力侧的冷却情况得到改善的主要原因.     

离心压缩机叶轮旋转失速的相空间重构及分形特征

结合非线性动力学中的相空间重构和分形理论,提出了一种分析离心压缩机叶轮旋转失速动力学特征的方法.采用数值方法对低速离心压缩机(LSCC)叶轮旋转失速状态进行了模拟,得到了失速工况下叶轮出口多个位置的气流压力时间序列.对各压力时间序列进行相空间重构,构造出一低维动力系统,其时间延迟和嵌入维数通过运用C-C方法得出.对重构的动力系统的相图进行了分形特征分析,计算了相应的分形维数.研究表明:叶轮旋转失速后系统的压力信号具有混沌特性,在相图上表现为具有分形结构,揭示了旋转失速后系统的动力学特征.计算分析分形维数后发现,数据采集点位于相同半径处计算得到的分形维数相近,约为3.39;数据采集点的半径增大时,分形维数减小.     

法国MBDA爆震和连续爆震波发动机的研发(英文)

连续爆震波发动机(CDWE)可以弱化一般爆震发动机(PDE)对环境条件的要求,尤其是初始条件要求弱化简化了发动机结构。为了探讨CDWE用于空间发射器的可行性,MBDA与Lavrentiev学院联合进行了一些试验,研究了其工作模式和一些关键点。结果发现:这种发动机在非常小的装置中可提供可观的推力(275daN,条件:直径50mm,长100mm,航空煤油加氧气)。如果采用扩张型喷管,推力还可能增加。在现有尺寸下,插入式或气动锥喷管似乎是最佳设计,在同一流量下,发动机的矢量能力是解决姿态控制的一个方法。热流量非常大,但主要集中在喷射壁面,这一点将有助于在燃烧室内气化喷入的液体燃料。另外,做了初步试验来评估C/SiC复合材料在转动爆震波非常恶劣的机械环境下的性能。在这些研究以外,MBDA还设计了大尺寸地面实验装置来研究使用LH2/LOx混合物的连续爆震波发动机的所有相关问题。作为大尺寸研发的第一步,小尺寸的演示在2010年春季进行。     

加速度计调零控制器的系统校正方法

针对挠性加速度计在调零时的系列问题,提出了一种防止系统振荡和提高系统静态精度的校正方法。通过计算机仿真和实际使用效果表明,可以有效地防止系统振荡并较好地提高系统的静态精度。并在加速度计未充油时就可知道其性能好坏。     

Optical fiber wavelength division multiplexing

During flight, aircraft avionics transmit and receive RF signals to/from antennas over coaxial cables. As the density and complexity of onboard avionics increases, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment degrades proportionately, leading to decreasing signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and potential safety concerns. The coaxial cables are inherently lossy, limiting the RF signal bandwidth while adding considerable weight. To overcome these limitations, we have investigated a fiber optic communications link for aircraft that utilizes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to support the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals (including RF) over a single optical fiber. Optical fiber has many advantages over coaxial cable, particularly lower loss, greater bandwidth, and immunity to EMI. In this paper, we demonstrate that WDM can be successfully used to transmit multiple RF signals over a single optical fiber with no appreciable signal degradation. We investigate the transmission of FM and AM analog modulated signals, as well as FSK digital modulated signals, over a fiber optic link (FOL) employing WDM. We present measurements of power loss, delay, SNR, carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), total harmonic distortion (THD), and bit error rate (BER). Our experimental results indicate that WDM is a fiber optic technology suitable for avionics applications.     

模型预测控制（MPC）在飞机自动着陆系统中的应用

进场着陆是飞行的复杂阶段,虽然仅占整个飞行的2%～3%,却大约有1/3的飞行事故发生在此阶段,而高速喷气式飞机的飞行事故有一半以上是发生在进场着陆阶段。本次仿真的对象是一种具有特殊外形的无人机,对侧向着陆精度要求很高。于是文中采取了预测控制器加经典PID控制器构成了分层控制系统。动态矩阵法的在线优化和反馈校正等特点有效地提高了系统的整体性能。结果表明,这种方法可以有效地提高着陆精度并严格控制接地时的滚转角。