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11.
Yanwei Li Ralf Srama Hartmut Henkel Zoltan Sternovsky Sascha Kempf Yiyong Wu Eberhard Grün 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm2. Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm. 相似文献
12.
Interstellar dust was first identified by the dust sensor onboard Ulysses after the Jupiter flyby in February 1992. These findings were confirmed by the Galileo experiment on its outbound orbit from Earth to Jupiter. Although modeling results show that interstellar dust is also present at the Earth orbit, a direct identification of interstellar grains from geometrical arguments is only possible outside of 2.5 AU. The flux of interstellar dust with masses greater than 6 · 10–14
g is about 1 · 10–4
m
–2
s
–1 at ecliptic latitudes and at heliocentric distances greater than 1AU. The mean mass of the interstellar particles is 3 · 10–13
g. The flux arrives from a direction which is compatible with the influx direction of the interstellar neutral Helium of 252° longitude and 5.2° latitude but it may deviate from this direction by 15 – 20°. 相似文献
13.
Blanc M. Bolton S. Bradley J. Burton M. Cravens T.E. Dandouras I. Dougherty M.K. Festou M.C. Feynman J. Johnson R.E. Gombosi T.G. Kurth W.S. Liewer P.C. Mauk B.H. Maurice S. Mitchell D. Neubauer F.M. Richardson J.D. Shemansky D.E. Sittler E.C. Tsurutani B.T. Zarka Ph. Esposito L.W. Grün E. Gurnett D.A. Kliore A.J. Krimigis S.M. Southwood D. Waite J.H. Young D.T. 《Space Science Reviews》2002,104(1-4):253-346
Magnetospheric and plasma science studies at Saturn offer a unique opportunity to explore in-depth two types of magnetospheres.
These are an ‘induced’ magnetosphere generated by the interaction of Titan with the surrounding plasma flow and Saturn's ‘intrinsic’
magnetosphere, the magnetic cavity Saturn's planetary magnetic field creates inside the solar wind flow. These two objects
will be explored using the most advanced and diverse package of instruments for the analysis of plasmas, energetic particles
and fields ever flown to a planet. These instruments will make it possible to address and solve a series of key scientific
questions concerning the interaction of these two magnetospheres with their environment.
The flow of magnetospheric plasma around the obstacle, caused by Titan's atmosphere/ionosphere, produces an elongated cavity
and wake, which we call an ‘induced magnetosphere’. The Mach number characteristics of this interaction make it unique in
the solar system. We first describe Titan's ionosphere, which is the obstacle to the external plasma flow. We then study Titan's
induced magnetosphere, its structure, dynamics and variability, and discuss the possible existence of a small intrinsic magnetic
field of Titan.
Saturn's magnetosphere, which is dynamically and chemically coupled to all other components of Saturn's environment in addition
to Titan, is then described. We start with a summary of the morphology of magnetospheric plasma and fields. Then we discuss
what we know of the magnetospheric interactions in each region. Beginning with the innermost regions and moving outwards,
we first describe the region of the main rings and their connection to the low-latitude ionosphere. Next the icy satellites,
which develop specific magnetospheric interactions, are imbedded in a relatively dense neutral gas cloud which also overlaps
the spatial extent of the diffuse E ring. This region constitutes a very interesting case of direct and mutual coupling between
dust, neutral gas and plasma populations. Beyond about twelve Saturn radii is the outer magnetosphere, where the dynamics
is dominated by its coupling with the solar wind and a large hydrogen torus. It is a region of intense coupling between the
magnetosphere and Saturn's upper atmosphere, and the source of Saturn's auroral emissions, including the kilometric radiation.
For each of these regions we identify the key scientific questions and propose an investigation strategy to address them.
Finally, we show how the unique characteristics of the CASSINI spacecraft, instruments and mission profile make it possible
to address, and hopefully solve, many of these questions. While the CASSINI orbital tour gives access to most, if not all,
of the regions that need to be explored, the unique capabilities of the MAPS instrument suite make it possible to define an
efficient strategy in which in situ measurements and remote sensing observations complement each other.
Saturn's magnetosphere will be extensively studied from the microphysical to the global scale over the four years of the mission.
All phases present in this unique environment — extended solid surfaces, dust and gas clouds, plasma and energetic particles
— are coupled in an intricate way, very much as they are in planetary formation environments. This is one of the most interesting
aspects of Magnetospheric and Plasma Science studies at Saturn. It provides us with a unique opportunity to conduct an in situ investigation of a dynamical system that is in some ways analogous to the dusty plasma environments in which planetary systems
form.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
15.
Wynn L. Eberhard 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Srivastava et al. (2009) presented Rayleigh scattering cross-sections and optical depths for Earth’s atmosphere that are approximately 3% smaller than previously accepted. Their analysis was based on quantum-mechanical theory for anisotropic scattering in the Cabannes line published in papers that seem to have introduced some confusion about determining the anisotropy and King factors. This comment clarifies these factors and shows that including the frequency-shifted rotational Raman lines gives the traditional King factor and the correct Rayleigh scattering for the optical depth. 相似文献
16.
Martin Pätzold Bernd Häusler Kaare Aksnes John D. Anderson Sami W. Asmar Jean-Pierre Barriot Michael K. Bird Hermann Boehnhardt Werner Eidel Eberhardt Grün Wing H. Ip Essam Marouf Trevor Morley Fritz M. Neubauer Hans Rickman Nicolas Thomas Bruce T. Tsurutani Max K. Wallis N. C. Wickramasinghe Eirik Mysen Oystein Olson Stefan Remus Silvia Tellmann Thomas Andert Ludmila Carone Markus Fels Christina Stanzel Iris Audenrieth-Kersten Alexander Gahr Anna-Liane Müller Dusan Stupar Christina Walter 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):599-627
The Rosetta spacecraft has been successfully launched on 2nd March 2004 to its new target comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The science objectives of the Rosetta Radio Science Investigations (RSI) experiment address fundamental aspects of cometary physics such as the mass and bulk density of the nucleus, its gravity field, its interplanetary orbit perturbed by nongravitational forces, its size and shape, its internal structure, the composition and roughness of the nucleus surface, the abundance of large dust grains, the plasma content in the coma and the combined dust and gas mass flux. The masses of two asteroids, Steins and Lutetia, shall be determined during flybys in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Secondary objectives are the radio sounding of the solar corona during the superior conjunctions of the spacecraft with the Sun during the cruise phase. The radio carrier links of the spacecraft Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) subsystem between the orbiter and the Earth will be used for these investigations. An Ultrastable oscillator (USO) connected to both transponders of the radio subsystem serves as a stable frequency reference source for both radio downlinks at X-band (8.4 GHz) and S-band (2.3 GHz) in the one-way mode. The simultaneous and coherent dual-frequency downlinks via the High Gain Antenna (HGA) permit separation of contributions from the classical Doppler shift and the dispersive media effects caused by the motion of the spacecraft with respect to the Earth and the propagation of the signals through the dispersive media, respectively. The investigation relies on the observation of the phase, amplitude, polarization and propagation times of radio signals transmitted from the spacecraft and received with ground station antennas on Earth. The radio signals are affected by the medium through which the signals propagate (atmospheres, ionospheres, interplanetary medium, solar corona), by the gravitational influence of the planet on the spacecraft and finally by the performance of the various systems involved both on the spacecraft and on ground. 相似文献
17.
R. Kallenbach F.M. Ipavich H. Kucharek P. Bochsler A.B. Galvin J. Geiss F. Gliem G. Gloeckler H. Grünwaldt S. Hefti M. Hilchenbach D. Hovestadt 《Space Science Reviews》1998,85(1-2):357-370
Using the high-resolution mass spectrometer CELIAS/MTOF on board SOHO we have measured the solar wind isotope abundance ratios
of Si, Ne, and Mg and their variations in different solar wind regimes with bulk velocities ranging from 330 km/s to 650 km/s.
Data indicate a small systematic depletion of the heavier isotopes in the slow solar wind on the order of (1.4±1.3)% per amu
(2σ-error) compared to their abundances in the fast solar wind from coronal holes. These variations in the solar wind isotopic
composition represent a pure mass-dependent effect because the different isotopes of an element pass the inner corona with
the same charge state distribution. The influence of particle mass on the acceleration of minor solar wind ions is discussed
in the context of theoretical models and recent optical observations with other SOHO instruments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
19.
Mann Ingrid Kimura Hiroshi Biesecker Douglas A. Tsurutani Bruce T. Grün Eberhard McKibben R. Bruce Liou Jer-Chyi MacQueen Robert M. Mukai Tadashi Guhathakurta Madhulika Lamy Philippe 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(3-4):269-305
We review the current knowledge and understanding of dust in the inner solar system. The major sources of the dust population in the inner solar system are comets and asteroids, but the relative contributions of these sources are not quantified. The production processes inward from 1 AU are: Poynting-Robertson deceleration of particles outside of 1 AU, fragmentation into dust due to particle-particle collisions, and direct dust production from comets. The loss processes are: dust collisional fragmentation, sublimation, radiation pressure acceleration, sputtering, and rotational bursting. These loss processes as well as dust surface processes release dust compounds in the ambient interplanetary medium. Between 1 and 0.1 AU the dust number densities and fluxes can be described by inward extrapolation of 1 AU measurements, assuming radial dependences that describe particles in close to circular orbits. Observations have confirmed the general accuracy of these assumptions for regions within 30° latitude of the ecliptic plane. The dust densities are considerably lower above the solar poles but Lorentz forces can lift particles of sizes < 5 μm to high latitudes and produce a random distribution of small grains that varies with the solar magnetic field. Also long-period comets are a source of out-of-ecliptic particles. Under present conditions no prominent dust ring exists near the Sun. We discuss the recent observations of sungrazing comets. Future in-situ experiments should measure the complex dynamics of small dust particles, identify the contribution of cometary dust to the inner-solar-system dust cloud, and determine dust interactions in the ambient interplanetary medium. The combination of in-situ dust measurements with particle and field measurements is recommended. 相似文献
20.
Harald Krüger Markus Landgraf Nicolas Altobelli Eberhard Grün 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):401-408
The Ulysses spacecraft has been orbiting the Sun on a highly inclined ellipse almost perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (inclination
79°, perihelion distance 1.3 AU, aphelion distance 5.4 AU) since it encountered Jupiter in 1992. The in situ dust detector
on board continuously measured interstellar dust grains with masses up to 10−13 kg, penetrating deep into the solar system. The flow direction is close to the mean apex of the Sun’s motion through the
solar system and the grains act as tracers of the physical conditions in the local interstellar cloud (LIC). While Ulysses
monitored the interstellar dust stream at high ecliptic latitudes between 3 and 5 AU, interstellar impactors were also measured
with the in situ dust detectors on board Cassini, Galileo and Helios, covering a heliocentric distance range between 0.3 and
3 AU in the ecliptic plane. The interstellar dust stream in the inner solar system is altered by the solar radiation pressure
force, gravitational focussing and interaction of charged grains with the time varying interplanetary magnetic field. We review
the results from in situ interstellar dust measurements in the solar system and present Ulysses’ latest interstellar dust
data. These data indicate a 30° shift in the impact direction of interstellar grains w.r.t. the interstellar helium flow direction,
the reason of which is presently unknown. 相似文献