Changes in organ perfusion and weight ratios in post-simulated microgravity recovery

Head-down tilt models have been used as ground-based simulations of microgravity. Our previous animal research has demonstrated that there are significant changes in fluid distribution within 2 h after placement in a 45 degrees head-down tilt (45HDT) position and these changes in fluid distribution were still present after 14 days of 45HDT. Consequently, we investigated changes in fluid distribution during recovery from 16 days of 45HDT. Changes in radioactive tracer distribution and organ/body weight ratio were examined in rats randomly assigned to a 45HDT or prone control group. The 45HDT rats were suspended for 16 days and then allowed to recover at the prone position 0, 77, 101, or 125 h post-suspension. Animals were injected with technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA, MW=492 amu, physical half-life of 6.02 h) and then killed 30 min post-injection. Lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain were harvested, weighed, and measured for radioactive counts. Statistical analyses included two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that compared 45HDT versus controls at the four experimental time points. The organ weight divided by the body weight ratio for the brain, heart, kidneys and liver in the 45HDT rats was significantly different than the control rats, regardless of time (treatment). There was no difference between the different time points (time). The average 99mTcDTPA count divided by the organ weight ratio values for the heart, liver, and spleen were significantly higher in the 45HDT group than the control group. The average counts for the heart and spleen were significantly higher at 77, 101, and 125 h than at time zero. We conclude that the major organs have different recovery patterns after 45HDT for 16 days in the rat.     

Choroidal responses in microgravity. (SLS-1, SLS-2 and hindlimb-suspension experiments)

Fluid and electrolyte shifts occuring during human spaceflight have been reported and investigated at the level of blood, cardio-vascular and renal responses. Very few data were available concerning the cerebral fluid and electrolyte adaptation to microgravity, even in animal models. It is the reason why we developed several studies focused on the effects of spaceflight (SLS-1 and SLS-2 programs, carried on NASA STS 40 and 56 missions, which were 9- and 14-day flights, respectively), on structural and functional features of choroid plexuses, organs which secrete 70–90 % of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and which are involved in brain homeostasis. Rats flown aboard space shuttles were sacrificed either in space (SLS-2 experiment, on flight day 13) or 4–8 hours after landing (SLS-1 and SLS-2 experiments). Quantitative autoradiography performed by microdensitometry and image analysis, showed that lateral and third ventricle choroid plexuses from rats flown for SLS-1 experiment demonstrated an increased number (about x 2) of binding sites to natriuretic peptides (which are known to be involved in mechanisms regulating CSF production). Using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we studied the cellular response of choroid plexuses, which produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain lateral, third and fourth ventricles. We demonstrated that spaceflight (SLS-2 experiment, inflight samples) induces changes in the choroidal cell structure (apical microvilli, kinocilia organization, vesicle accumulation) and protein distribution or expression (carbonic anhydrase II, water channels,…). These observations suggested a loss of choroidal cell polarity and a decrease in CSF secretion. Hindlimb-suspended rats displayed similar choroidal changes. All together, these results support the hypothesis of a modified CSF production in rats during long-term (9, 13 or 14 days) adaptations to microgravity.     

一种少烟固体火箭发动机的结构使用寿命估计

少烟幼畜(Maverich)固体火箭发动机的结构使用寿命估计是以解剖发动机的推进剂性能数据为基础进行的。为了在两年的时间里模拟五年的使用寿命,这些发动机经历了实验室加速化学和力学老化。用经验老化模型来推测发动机推进剂的性能和药柱横截面上的性能梯度,建立了有限元计算机模型来计算这些性能梯度,并确定发动机安全裕度与时间的函数关系。根据分析,预计这种发动机的使用寿命在10年之上。     

星30/CE和星37FM——改进性能的顶级固体火箭发动机

本文介绍了星30C、30E和37FM三种火箭发动机的设计结构,给出了各种分析结果,并报导了鉴定试验的累积数据。     

用现成微处理机完成复杂的遥测预处理

本文介绍一个以微处理机为主机的系统,用以对复杂的高速遥测数据进行预处理。所用的微机是最新式的Motoroloa68020系列计算机。本文全面介绍系统的硬件和软件,并对所用的复杂算法和有关的数据处理作了说明。着重报道涉及参数容量和数据吞吐率的测试结果。对系统的体系结构采用多种通用的折衷法进行了分析,本系统把兆字极的遥测数据(如废点剔除、相位对齐和参数推导等)预处理技术推向新的高度。     

短脉冲信号的天线旁瓣响应

讨论了信号在很短的持续时间内，天线旁瓣区域接收的信号波形。可以发现，输出信号的波形与输入信号的波形是完全不同的。给出了分析理论解释并举例说明了这些影响，还证实了分析的有效性。提出了多种用途。     

用雷达图像作非协同式空中目标识别：识别率作为信号带宽函数

尽管非协同式目标识别与高可靠敌我识别极其相关，但一直是一个有等解决的问题，过去提出并研究了许多方法，如：利用目标的红外、声学、光学或雷达特征等，其中一些方法是无源法，其优点是不会对被观测目标发出报警，不足之处是观测距离有限，边缘分辨率低，本文介绍的方法是在利用飞机雷达图像的基础上提出的，所研究的是一维雷达图像（通常所说的高距离分辨率剖面图）和二维逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）图像。     

改善推进剂老化和低温物理性质的键合剂系统

新的混合键合剂系统用于端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂配方时,推进剂的高温老化特性和低温物理性质都有很大改善。混合键合剂系统由 MT_4[2.0克分子三-1-(2-甲基氮丙啶)膦化氧、0.7克分子已二酸和0.3克分子酒石酸的反应产物]、HX752[双-间苯二酰-1-(2-甲基)氨丙啶]和 BIDE(丁基亚胺二乙醇)组成,其重量百分含量分别占推进剂组成的0.10～0.20%、0.10～0.20%和0.02～0.05%。     

全桥ZVS变换器的一个新系列

本文介绍软开关全桥（FB）脉宽调制（PWM）变换器的一种新系列，它的特征是在宽范围输入电压和输出负载上所有桥开关是零电压开关（ZVS）的，并且具有最小的占空比损耗和环流。ZVS的初级开关采用两个磁性元件来实现，两个桥臂间的相移变化使这两个磁性元件的伏秒积作相反方向的变化。其中一个磁性元件是变压器，而另一个是耦合电感器或是单绕组电感器。采用变压器是提供隔离输出，而电感器用于为ZVS存贮能量。