CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.     

具有应变梯度的复合推进剂中裂纹扩展的特性

本文研究在具有应变梯度、填充密度大的复合推进剂中裂纹扩展的特性。采用中心有楔形裂纹的双轴试样。在室温、恒定十字头速度下进行试验。考虑了两种裂纹长度。通过分析试验数据来研究初始裂纹长度和非均匀总应变场对推进剂裂纹扩展特性的影响,还研究了测量裂纹长度所用时间间隔对裂纹扩展速率计算精度的影响。     

军用精密声表面波振荡器的研制

近年来,美国雷声公司已经有研制300～600MHz可军用的声表面波振荡器的课题;此种振荡器在频率调节能力和稳定性两方面均达当代最高水平。本文不讨论这种振荡器的详细用途。对它的要求一般为:(1)噪声本底必需至少为-160dBc/Hz;(2)振动灵敏度至少应与AT切体波器件一样好;(3)振荡器频率应能在大致±10ppm频率窗内进行调节并加以保持。在某些情况还要求加热时间小于3分钟。在满足这些要求方面,雷声公司已取得明显进展。本文将对这种进展加以讨论。在频谱纯度方面,文中讨论了二个题目:其一是低噪声放大器。实验证明,当它与310MHz声表面波谐振器联用时,噪声本底可达-176dBc/Hz。其二主要讨论了外部振动对噪声边带的影响。研制声表面波振荡器最重要的方面之一就是它的频率调节能力。利用金衬微调技术被证实既适用于延迟线也适用于谐振器。文中给出了实验结果,也讨论了在焊封过程中产生频移(约100ppm数量级)这一复杂情况。但已提出一种外部牵引频率技术来重调频率。在很多应用场合要求用恒溫箱以保持常温,于是就要求快速加热,而给出的数据要能显示出3分钟加热周期的频率稳定度。最后,除上述要求外,还要求声表面波振荡器的长稳保持在～1ppm/年的水平。利用提供的数据来确定冷焊密封在TO-8型外壳中的器件的基本老化率,同时也示出微调器件以及低振动灵敏度器件的变化率。     

基于增量学习的高光谱图像目标检测

高光谱图像目标检测是高光谱图像分析中的重要研究内容之一。本文从经典有效的约束能量最小化算法出发,提出了一种基于增量学习的高光谱目标检测方法。当获得新的样本时,不需要重新计算所有样本的自相关矩阵即可对检测器模型进行更新,减轻了星上有限计算资源的负担。实验结果表明:本文提出的目标检测算法在压制背景光谱的同时可以更好地适应目标光谱,提高了算法的检测性能。     

分时移相调制的多路光纤陀螺仪

本文提出一上实现多路多轴光纤陀螺仪的新方法。Ｎ个Ｓａｇｎａｃ干涉仪通过一个２×Ｎ个耦合器共用一个光源。这些干涉仪都以通常的方法相位调制来进行调制然而，这些调制都在时间上有τ／Ｎ的延尺，τ是进入光纤环圈的平均传输时间。     

一种空间用大口径扫描装置锁紧机构设计

由于红外探测器尺寸限制，大多数光学遥感器仍采用扫描装置来扩大探测视场，随着相机口径及探测视场的增大，扫描装置中扫描镜口径越来越大，对扫描镜支撑元件的承载能力要求也随之提高。文章为了确保某项目扫描装置中的扫描镜支撑元件不被过载破坏，根据扫描镜口径及过载条件，提出一种高承载能力、高刚度、可重复使用，且能够满足支撑元件过载受力要求的锁紧机构；阐述了锁紧机构的组成和工作原理，针对过载要求分析了锁紧机构核心部组件的承载能力及锁紧力，并根据过载条件进行了力学仿真分析；最后开展了振动试验，结果表明该锁紧机构可对扫描装置中扫描镜支撑元件安全锁紧。     

从硬产业到软产业：知识经济时代的产业发展变迁——基于软实力理论的解读

在信息技术革命的推动下,人类社会进入了知识经济时代,产业发展也出现了巨大的变化,产业内容和产业结构方面出现了值得关注的新现象.文章基于软实力理论的分析框架对产业发展的变迁进行了分析:在知识经济时代,软产业,即以信息、技术和知识等"软要素"为主要生产要素的产业成为新的支柱产业,而传统产业对"软要素"的依赖程度也大大加深,出现了软化的趋势.     

A status report on the characterization of the microgravity environment of the International Space Station

A primary objective of the International Space Station is to provide a long-term quiescent environment for the conduct of scientific research for a variety of microgravity science disciplines. Since continuous human presence on the space station began in November 2000 through the end of Increment-6, over 1260 hours of crew time have been allocated to research. However, far more research time has been accumulated by experiments controlled on the ground. By the end of the time period covered by this paper (end of Increment-6), the total experiment hours performed on the station are well over 100,000 hours (Expedition 6 Press Kit: Station Begins Third Year of Human Occupation, Boeing/USA/NASA, October 25, 2002). This paper presents the results of the on-going effort by the Principal Investigator Microgravity Services project, at NASA Glenn Research Center, in Cleveland, Ohio, to characterize the microgravity environment of the International Space Station in order to keep the microgravity scientific community apprised of the reduced gravity environment provided by the station for the performance of space experiments. This paper focuses on the station microgravity environment for Increments 5 and 6. During that period over 580 Gbytes of acceleration data were collected, out of which over 34,790 hours were analyzed. The results presented in this paper are divided into two sections: quasi-steady and vibratory. For the quasi-steady analysis, over 7794 hours of acceleration data were analyzed, while over 27,000 hours were analyzed for the vibratory analysis. The results of the data analysis are presented in this paper in the form of a grand summary for the period under consideration. For the quasi-steady acceleration response, results are presented in the form of a 95% confidence interval for the station during "normal microgravity mode operations" for the following three attitudes: local vertical local horizontal, X-axis perpendicular to the orbit plane and the Russian torque equilibrium attitude. The same analysis was performed for the station during "non-microgravity mode operations" to assess the station quasi-steady acceleration environment over a long period of time. The same type of analysis was performed for the vibratory, but a 95th percentile benchmark was used, which shows the overall acceleration magnitude during Increments 5 and 6. The results, for both quasi-steady and vibratory acceleration response, show that the station is not yet meeting the microgravity requirements during the microgravity mode operations. However, it should be stressed that the requirements apply only at assembly complete, whereas the results presented below apply up to the station's configuration at the end of Increment-6.     

A viable microbial community in a subglacial volcanic crater lake, Iceland

We describe a viable microbial community in a subglacial lake within the Grímsv?tn volcanic caldera, Iceland. We used a hot water drill to penetrate the 300-m ice shelf and retrieved lake water and volcanic tephra sediments. We also acquired samples of borehole water before and after penetration to the lake, overlying glacial ice and snow, and water from a nearby subaerial geothermal lake for comparative analyses. Lake water is at the freezing point and fresh (total dissolved solids = 260 mg L(-1)). Detectable numbers of cells were found in samples of the lake water column and tephra sediments: 2 x 10(4) ml(-1) and 4 x 10(7) g(-1), respectively. Plate counts document abundant cold-adapted cultivable organisms in the lake water, but not in the borehole (before penetration) or glacial ice. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from genomic DNA extracted from Grímsv?tn samples indicates that the lake community is distinct from the assemblages of organisms in borehole water (before penetration) and the overlying ice and snow. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands revealed that many sequences are highly similar to known psychrophilic organisms or cloned DNA from other cold environments. Significant uptake of 14C-labeled bicarbonate occurred in dark, low-temperature incubations of lake water samples, indicating the presence of autotrophs. Acetylene reduction assays under similar incubation conditions showed no significant nitrogen fixation potential by lake water samples. This may be a consequence of the inhibition of diazotrophy by nitrogen in the lake.