Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

ESA's Biopan 1--"Vitamin" experiment preliminary results

The purpose of “Vitamin” experiment is to study the efficiency of protective substances on three biological acellular systems aqueous solutions exposed to cosmic radiation in space. The first system “LDL”is a low density lipoprotein. The second is “E2-TeBG complexe” in which estradiol (E2) is bound to its plasmatic carrier protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). The third is “pBR 322”, a plasmid. “Vitamin” experiment was accomodated in the Biopan which had been mounted on the outer surface of a Foton retrievable satellite. The experiment was exposed to space environment during 15 days. A stable temperature of about 20 °C was maintained throughout the flight. “Vitamin” experiment preliminary results are presented and discussed.     

海洋宽视场成像遥感器

1 概述 海洋宽视场成像遥感器(seaWiFS)项目的目的是为地球科学领域提供有关全球海洋生物光学特性的定量数据。这个项目将研制并运用一个研究数据系统,此系统可对从地球轨道海色遥感器接收的数据进行处理、定标、校准、归档和分发。     

MX第一级

1980年在 Montery 召开的 JANNAF 会议上,介绍了 MX 第一级原始方案论证及制订的研制方案。这篇新资料评论了最初的两次静态试验所取得的结果。     

采用ZCS辅助电路的ZVT BOOST变换器

文章提出了一种采用零电流开关（ZCS）作辅助开关而主开关为零电压转换（ZVT）的软开关BOOST变换器；介绍并分析了变换器的工作区间；讨论了设计思路；演示了一个采用绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT）的600W10KHz380V输出、交流-直流的BOOST变换器构成的功率因素校正器所获得的实验结果的设计例子。结果表明，在整个规定的线路和负载条件下，辅助开关维持ZCS的同时主开关保持ZVT。     

Loading effects on rat craniomandibular morphology: a system for gravity studies

Gravity effects on muscle and bone are a major impediment to long-term space travel. We introduce a model for studying these effects, the craniomandibular system. Some advantages of this system include: (1) craniomandibular morphology is determined by epigenetic factors including gravity, (2) relatively light forces can significantly alter its morphology, and (3) soft diet and tooth loss produce effects that are similar to those produced in lower limbs by weightlessness. In the study, implants made either of gold (experimental group) or lightweight acrylic (controls) were attached to adult rats' mandibles. After 13 weeks, the animals' skulls and mandibles were dissected. Pair-wise comparisons indicated that the experimental animals showed significantly shortened and narrowed cranial bases, and significant changes in the posterior zygomatic arch region. These results indicate that simulated macrogravity influences bone remodeling in the adult craniomandibular system.     

螺栓挤压推力终止系统验证试验

本文总结了螺栓挤压推力终止系统(BETTS)的设计、研制和验证试验。该系统在阿诺德工程研制中心(AEDC)进行了多次冷试,一次海平面热试和两次高空点火推力终止试验,试验所用的发动机是政府向化学系统分公司提供的“民兵”发动机空壳体装药后制成的。通过大发动机热试,证明本计划所验证的这种BETTS可以消除前部碎片,大大地简化药柱和发动机壳体的设计,提高末级性能。另外,这种方法设计简单,从而可以降低推进系统的成本。BETTS用爆炸螺栓和挤压螺栓的组合代替连接喷管法兰和发动机壳体法兰的普通螺栓。接到指令后,爆炸螺栓立即打开,喷管循着挤压螺栓向后平移,发动机气体迅速排出,从而使推进剂熄火。挤压螺栓控制着喷管的移动速度和最大运动行程。以前根据NO.F04611—75—C—0044合同(CSD计划2549)曾成功地在缩比发动机上进行了BETTS热试和在飞行重量的“民兵”Ⅲ第三级发动机上进行了冷试。     

HTPB推进剂的老化及使用寿命

为了进行老化评价研究,选择和研制了三种不同固体含量的(88～91%)端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂。已经证实,88%固体含量的HTPB推进剂符合以前提出的老化模型。这种老化模型已成功地进一步用于较高固体含量的推进剂以及其它计划用的HTPB推进剂的实测力学性能老化数据。采用这种老化模型,根据加速热老化试验数据予测了长期力学性能,予测数据与六年实测老化数据相当一致。利用予测的推进剂破坏性能,结合火箭发动机的要求,来确定予先选定安全裕度的发动机药柱的使用寿命。本文列出了各种复合推进剂老化速率的比较数据。根据老化结果的分析,提出了一个宽范围老化行为的数学表达式。     

氮化铝薄膜及复合体波谐振器

为了在超高频范围内对基模振荡器进行控制和运用滤波器,开展了对于小型体波谐振器的基本材料和器件特性的研究。本文报道了氮化铝(ALN)在构成复合谐振器几何形状和边缘支撑型晶片结构方面的性能。 ALN薄膜是在直流平板磁控管溅镀装置中,用中间电极溅射出来的AL和等离子气体中的N_2之间的等离子体反应生成的。一般溅镀条件是:溅镀压力=1×10~(-3)毛,空气含氮量=99.999％基片温度=200℃,直流功率-225瓦,溅镀率=1.2微米/小时。ALN薄膜的品质用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射法和奥格(Auger)电子分光镜进行鉴定。检测结果说明,溅镀的ALN薄膜具有严格的晶向结构,其C轴垂直于Si(硅)基片表面。对于由1.7微米ALN薄膜和8微米Si基片组成的谐振器,测出的基频串联谐振频率为328.53兆赫,基频并联谐振频率为328.61兆赫。这种规格谐振器的Q值约有7500,它在-20℃至+120℃范围内的实测温度系数约为-4×10~(-8)/℃。对于具有1.7微米ALN薄膜和6微米Si基片的谐振器,实测的温度系数是-6×10~(-6)/℃。这种规格谐振器的Q值约为5000,它的基频串联谐振频率是524.11兆赫,而基频并联谐振频率是524.45兆赫。应用微电子半导体加工技术,已经制成了边缘支撑型ALN晶片。晶片厚度为1.0至7微米,面积约为300平方微米。这种晶片是边缘支撑型的,这与以前报道的底膜支撑型薄膜是不相同的。厚度为6.5微米的典型ALN晶片在790兆赫附近产生基模谐振,耦合系数为10.3％。在-20℃至120℃范围内测得的温度系数可达到-20.5×10~(-6)/℃。目前,已按外延特性制造出具有水平C轴的氧化锌ZnO晶片。这种晶片显示出切变波谐振特性,这意味着晶片有很高的谐振Q和比较简单的模式结构。     

晶体谐振器—振荡器测试设备及测试结果

一、引言美国陆军电子技术及器件实验室(ETDL)的频率控制与计时分部的主要任务是要提高晶体谐振器与振荡器工艺水平,以满足军队用户的要求。第二个任务是向计划管理人员、系统设计人员提供谘询并维持晶体谐振器与振荡器的军用技术指标(也就是MIL-C-3098和MIL-0-55310)。这些任务要求对晶体谐振器和振荡器的工艺水平有详细而实际的了解。本文的目的是概述本实验室的技术力量,介绍一些研究结果,并在需要时向国防部所属用户提供晶体振荡器的测试、选择、技术指标和研制方面的帮助。