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51.
Joris A. D. L. Blommaert Jan Cami Ryszard Szczerba Michael J. Barlow 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):215-243
A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state
features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the
spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres
and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR)
central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and
carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational
line spectra of CH and CH+.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
52.
J P Koniarek J L Thomas M Vazquez 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(6):1373-1377
In cells irradiation by heavy ions has been hypothesized to produce microlesions, regions of local damage. In cell membranes this damage is thought to manifest itself in the form of holes. The primary evidence for microlesions comes from morphological studies of cell membranes, but this evidence is still controversial, especially since holes also have been observed in membranes of normal, nonirradiated, cells. However, it is possible that damage not associated with histologically discernable disruptions may still occur. In order to resolve this issue, we developed a system for detecting microlesions based on liposomes filled with fluorescent dye. We hypothesized that if microlesions form in these liposomes as the result of irradiation, then the entrapped dye will leak out into the surrounding medium in a measurable way. Polypropylene vials containing suspensions of vesicles composed of either dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, or a combination of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were irradiated at the Brookhaven National Laboratory using 56Fe ions at 1 GeV/amu. In several cases we obtained a significant loss of the entrapped dye above the background level. Our results suggest that holes may form in liposomes as the result of heavy ion irradiation, and that these holes are large enough to allow leakage of cell internal contents that are at least as large as a 1 nm diameter calcein molecule. 相似文献
53.
V D Kern F D Sack 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(5):941-949
Apical cells of moss protonemata represent a single-celled system that perceives and reacts to light (positive and negative phototropism) and to gravity (negative gravitropism). Phototropism completely overrides gravitropism when apical cells are laterally irradiated with relatively high red light intensities, but below a defined light intensity threshold gravitropism competes with the phototropic reaction. A 16 day-long exposure to microgravity conditions demonstrated that gravitropism is allowed when protonemata are laterally illuminated with light intensities below 140 nmol m-2s-1. Protonemata that were grown in darkness in microgravity expressed an endogenous tendency to grow in arcs so that the overall culture morphology resembled a clockwise spiral. However this phenomenon only was observed in cultures that had reached a critical age and/or size. Organelle positioning in dark-grown apical cells was significantly altered in microgravity. Gravisensing most likely involves the sedimentation of starch-filled amyloplasts in a well-defined area of the tip cell. Amyloplasts that at 1-g are sedimented were clustered at the apical part of the sedimentation zone in microgravity. Clustering observed in microgravity or during clino-rotation significantly differs from sedimentation-induced plastid aggregations after inversion of tip cells at 1-g. 相似文献
54.
C Medvedovsky B V Worgul Y Huang D J Brenner F Tao J Miller C Zeitlin E J Ainsworth 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1994,14(10):475-482
Because activities in space necessarily involve chronic exposure to a heterogeneous charged particle radiation field it is important to assess the influence of dose-rate and the possible modulating role of heavy particle fragmentation on biological systems. Using the well-studied cataract model, mice were exposed to plateau 600 MeV/amu 56Fe ions either as acute or fractionated exposures at total doses of 5 - 504 cGy. Additional groups of mice received 20, 360 and 504 cGy behind 50 mm of polyethylene, which simulates body shielding. The reference radiation consisted of 60Co gamma radiation. The animals were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy over their three year life spans. In accordance with our previous observations with heavy particles, the cataractogenic potential of the 600 MeV/amu 56Fe ions was greater than for low-LET radiation and increased with decreasing dose relative to gamma-rays. Fractionation of a given dose of 56Fe ions did not reduce the cataractogenicity of the radiation compared to the acute regimen. Fragmentation of the beam in the polyethylene did not alter the cataractotoxicity of the ions, either when administered singly or in fractions. 相似文献
55.
56.
R L Mancinelli J R Marshall M R White 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(4):111-116
Potential Martian soil components relevant to exobiology include water, organic matter, evaporites, clays, and oxides. These materials are also resources for human expeditions to Mars. When found in particular combinations, some of these materials constitute diagnostic paleobiomarker suites, allowing insight to be gained into the probability of life originating on Mars. Critically important to exobiology is the method of data analysis and data interpretation. To that end we are investigating methods of analysis of potential biomarker and paleobiomarker compounds and resource materials in soils and rocks pertinent to Martian geology. Differential thermal analysis coupled with gas chromatography is shown to be a highly useful analytical technique for detecting this wide and complex variety of materials. 相似文献
57.
L. B. F. M. Waters 《Space Science Reviews》1992,61(1-2):25-43
In this review the IR emission from circumstellar material is discussed, both of ionized gas and dust grains, and the astrophysical information that can be extracted from such observations. Some emphasis is placed on the possibilities of stellar IR astronomy using a large space-borne telescope, especially with respect to the much better spatial and spectral resolution of such a telescope compared to the current generation of ground-based and space IR telescopes. 相似文献
58.
59.
C.T. Russell G. Le H. Kawano S.M. Petrinec T.L. Zhang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1997,19(12):1913-1917
Recently much attention has been focused on the transient behavior of the magnetopause in response to pressure pulses and southward fluctuations of the interplanetary magnetic field. We examine the motion of the magnetopause behind the foreshock and conclude that this motion is affected by foreshock pressure variations but not by fluctuations in the direction of the magnetic field. Neither magnetopause erosion nor flux transfer event occurrence is controlled by the foreshock. On the contrary, flux transfer events occur at times of steady IMF and thier quasi-periodic behavior is controlled by the magnetopause or the magnetosphere and is not driven by the external boundary conditions. Since flux transfer events are clearly due to reconnection, this observation implies that the IMF must be southward some time perhaps as long as 7 minutes before flux transfer begins. 相似文献
60.
L.B. Tsirulnik T.V. Kuznetsova V.N. Oraevsky 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1997,20(12):2369-2372
A new method of nonlinear spectral analysis (called the method of global minimum: MGM), based on the best presentation (in sense of minimal squares) of a given time data set as a sum of sinusoids whose frequencies, amplitudes and phases are to be determined, has been used to find periodicities in annual Wolf sunspot numbers (W) during the period 1700–1995. The possible future behaviour of the 11-year solar cycle (based on an extrapolation of the calculated model) is also presented. The main characteristics of the 23rd solar cycle are as follows: the W maximum occurs about 2004, with a peak of nearly 220. An unusually large value of W will occur during the 23rd cycle, which should be characterised by the longest maximum, specifically, W will be greater than 100 during the 11-year period from 1997 to 2007. The first sharp rise will occur during the period 1996–1998, the second sharp during 2002–2004. The main features of the 24 year cycle are as follows: the next minimum in W, associated with the 24th solar cycle, should occur in the year 2008 and the maximum in 2014. W is expected to peak at about 180. The minimum value for the 25th year cycle is expected to occur in the year 2019. It is shown that the accuracy of these predictions depends, first of all, on the extrapolation of the hyperlong harmonic of the calculated polyharmonic model fit of observed annual sunspot numbers during the period 1700–1995. The error bars in the definition of the maximum and minimum epochs can be as large as two years. 相似文献