星光折射航天器自主定轨方案比较

当星光透射大气发生折射时 ,用星光折射角精确地反映星光在大气中离地球表面的高度 ,并建立高度、航天器与地球的几何关系。通过对折射角进行观测 ,间接测得地平 ,从而改善了用地平仪直接测地平所造成的航天器自主导航精度低的不足。本文提出了几种利用星光折射的航天器自主定轨方案 ,并作了细致的仿真实验 ,对直接和间接两种测量地平方法以及几种星光折射自主定轨方案进行了分析比较。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

DSC对苯基苯酚改性酚醛树脂固化机理研究

采用DSC技术、Kissinger法对苯基苯酚改性酚醛树脂的固化过程进行了研究,得到放热峰顶活化能为169.3 kJ/mol,远大于普通酚醛树脂(约70 kJ/mol)。理论近似凝胶温度、固化温度及后处理温度分别为414.5 K、448.9 K和483.9K。酚醛树脂的固化通常由化学反应控制和扩散控制两阶段组成。通过Ozawa法得到活化能与转化率(E-a)的变化关系表明,2种树脂固化历程存在明显差异。普通酚醛树脂固化反应进行到10%(a=10%),粘度迅速增大,反应转向扩散控制;而苯基苯酚改性酚醛树脂固化反应时粘度变化小,直至a=70%,才较快增长。这将有利于小分子的逃逸和各基团充分反应。同时高活化能也表明,反应形成了高键能的化学键,有利于提高树脂的残炭率和烧蚀性能。     

自由转子陀螺仪的伺服测试技术研究

自由转子陀螺仪是目前精度最高的一种陀螺仪,没有精密的力矩器,因此,只能采用双轴伺服法来辨识其漂移误差模型。介绍了双轴伺服测试法的基本原理,给出了双轴伺服转台的运动轨迹及重力矢量的变化规律。根据转台的运动特性,建立了自由转子陀螺仪的漂移误差模型,导出双轴伺服转台转角数据估计漂移误差模型系数的算法。从测试结果可以看出自由转子陀螺仪的长时间精度高,表明采用伺服测试法能够获得极高的测试精度,伺服转台可以作为测试自由转子陀螺仪精度的装置。     

基于模糊推理的基向量曲线求解方法

基向量法是求解近圆轨道间固定时间最优交会的一种几何方法。针对基向量法中最优解的基向量曲线的求解问题，提出一种基于模糊推理的求解方法，使得基向量法的整个求解过程可以脱离人工干预完全由计算机完成，从而使基向量法求解的效率有了本质上的提高。通过对四冲量固定时间最优交会问题的求解实例表明该方法的有效性和实用性。     

一种新型级间分离技术研究

本文对一种含固体燃气发生器的级间分离技术进行了研究。首先给出了分离的总体方案，建立了级间段气体压强瞬变的数学模型和导弹两级的运动模型，并利用流体动力学软件对级间段充气过程进行了模拟。简要介绍了固体燃气发生器的设计，并给出燃气发生器装药的选取原则。最后通过对某型号导弹的计算，证明这种级间分离方案是可行的。     

基于反馈线性化和变结构控制的飞行器姿态控制系统设计

在大姿态角的情况下，飞行器姿态运动的非线性因素和耦合因素不容忽略，使得传统的基于小扰动假设的近似线性化处理方法面临难以克服的困难。本文首先运用反馈线性化方法，将飞行器姿态通道线性化解耦成三个单输入单输出系统，然后运用分散滑动模态变结构控制理论对每个通道分别设计变结构控制器，以期使系统获得对参数摄动和外部扰动的鲁棒性。理论研究和数值仿真表明，所设计的控制系统可以适用于飞行器大姿态角飞行的情况，并对系统参数摄动和外部扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

航天飞行器防热部件烧蚀行为的数值模拟

对航天飞行器防热部件在氧－煤油发动机火焰喷吹下的烧蚀行为进行了有限元数值模拟。利用“杀死”单元的方法建立防热部件瞬态温度场的有限元模型，实现了烧蚀边界的退缩，从而完成了对烧蚀尺寸变化的定量描述。烧蚀开始于4．59s，到12s时线烧蚀量为1．47mm。计算结果与试验的实测结果一致。     

LISA — a study of the ESA cornerstone mission for observing gravitational waves

The primary objective of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is to detect and observe gravitational waves from massive black holes and galactic binaries in the frequency range 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹ Hz. This low-frequency range is inaccessible to ground-based interferometers because of the unshieldable background of local gravitational noise and because ground-based interferometers are limited in length to a few km. LISA is an ESA cornerstone mission and recently had a system study (Ref. 1) carried out by a consortium led by Astrium, which confirmed the basic configuration for the payload with only minor changes, and provided detailed concepts for the spacecraft and mission design. The study confirmed the need for a drag-free technology demonstration mission to develop the inertial sensors for LISA, before embarking on the build of the flight sensors. With a technology demonstration flight in 2005, it would be possible to carry out LISA as a joint ESA-NASA mission with a launch by 2010 subject to the funding programmatics. The baseline for LISA is three disc-like spacecraft each of which consist of a science module which carries the laser interferometer payload (two in each science module) and a propulsion module containing an ion drive and the hydrazine thrusters of the AOCS. The propulsion module is used for the transfer from earth escape trajectory provided by the Delta II launch to the operational orbit. Once there the propulsion module is jettisoned to reduce disturbances on the payload. Detailed analysis of thermal and gravitational disturbances, a model of the drag-free control and of the interferometer operation confirm that the strain sensitivity of the interferometer will be achieved.     

按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统

本文提出了一个按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统的方法。它能使系统具有满意的动态品质,同时对系统参数的变化及非线性产生的影响具有较强的鲁棒性。该设计方法具有通用性和程序化,系统实现简单。