星用第三代铼/铱材料490 N发动机研制进展

提高轨控发动机的真空比冲可以有效减少卫星变轨推进剂的消耗量,从而延长卫星的在轨工作寿命或增加有效载荷质量。介绍了我国在研的卫星用第三代铼/铱材料490 N发动机设计方案、技术攻关和试验情况,对工程化应用存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了改进和优化方案。在第二代490 N发动机的设计基础上,第三代490 N发动机成功攻克了可靠传热稳定工作喷注器、高性能喷注器与燃烧室匹配以及新型高温抗氧化材料制备等关键技术,真空比冲提高了10 s,达到325 s。两台发动机均通过了25 000 s鉴定级高空模拟热试车寿命考核,性能指标达到国际先进水平。但是针对试车子样数较少和铼/铱燃烧室制备工艺困难的问题,仍需进一步开展铼基体和铱涂层的高温性能研究,并继续优化发动机设计。     

逆轨拦截机动目标的三维最优制导律

以大气层内导弹逆轨拦截高速机动目标为背景,本文运用最优控制和双曲正切函数设计带角度约束的三维最优制导律。分别假设导弹弹道倾角和弹道偏角保持瞬时恒定,将三维制导分解为两个相互垂直平面内的二维制导。考虑导弹速度时变的情况,建立带角度约束的制导方程。设计一种双曲正切函数的变种,并将其设为脱靶量和角度约束的权重系数,根据极小值原理推导了最优制导律的解析表达式。双曲正切函数变种的引入,使得制导律对脱靶量和角度约束的要求是逐渐增强的,可以解决传统最优制导律初始段过载指令过大的问题。仿真结果表明了该制导律的有效性。     

防空导弹直接力与气动力复合控制系统设计

以大气层内拦截导弹侧向直接力和气动力的复合控制系统为研究对象，首先分析了侧向喷流与来流的干扰现象，建立了通过于扰放大因子来描述的侧喷与来流的干扰模型和侧向直接力与气动力的复合控制模型，将复合控制系统分解为直接力于系统和气动力于系统，并分别针对侧向直接力和气动力的特点设计了直接力控制于系统和气动力控制于系统，仿真分析了两个子系统的性能及复合系统的性能。     

涡轴发动机监视参数选择与诊断方法研究

介绍了涡轴发动机性能参数与监测参数选取的依据和方法 ,建立了利用故障因子概念诊断发动机故障的数学模型 ,给出了亚定型故障诊断方程组的解法及其发动机健康状况判定依据和故障诊断有效性的评价指标。运用发动机的实际无故障数据和模拟故障数据进行了仿真。结果表明 :建立的诊断模型可信 ;选取不同的测量参数可诊断不同的发动机故障 ;减少系统测量误差可以提高诊断的有效性。该系统对在役涡轴发动机的健康监视具有实用性 ,对其它发动机具有参考价值。     

测速雷达的电波折射简易修正方法及精度分析

为尽量简化多测速雷达定轨系统的气象测量，探讨了采用Hopfield对流层折射指数模型代替探空气象测量的适用性。主要分析了采用Hopfield模型与采用实际探空测量数据的折射误差修正量差别，目标轨迹误差对修正量的影响，以及气象参数对修正量的影响。     

A call for proactive xenoarchaeological guidelines – Scientific, policy and socio-political considerations

As planetary exploration advances, the likelihood of encountering suspected artifacts of astrobiological activity increases, which, it is argued, should be investigated under the auspices of proto-scientific xenoarchaeology. Considering both the unfavorable conditions under which such an investigation may be undertaken (e.g., while observing international planetary protection protocols, utilizing remote sensing techniques in exotic pressure, temperature, chemical, and gravity environments, or adhering to stringent terrestrial biological quarantine and security measures) as well as the demonstrated propensity of the social mind to romanticize or mythologize even the most benign planetary landforms, it is clear that a reactive and poorly preconceived xenoarchaeological methodology will be plagued by inaccuracies, rushed judgments, unrealized bias, misinformation, and erroneous conclusions, along with the negative socio-political impacts that accompany them. Central principles for establishing a rigorous xenoarchaeological methodology are proposed, scientific and technical difficulties are discussed, pertinent international protocols and agreements are reviewed, and sociological and historical considerations are explored.     

Science and technology for national development: The case of Israel's space program

In the last 25 years Israel developed highly advanced space industry and capable indigenous infrastructure of space technology. The special interconnections between the academia, the industry and different government agencies had a valuable influence on this successful process. This paper identifies and analyzes the characteristics of this partnership. It addresses the issue of sustaining this partnership and maintain it as a major driving force of the Israeli space program in order to provide some conclusions for similar actors, seeking to enhance their space activities and capabilities.     

Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

Application of neural networks to South African GPS TEC modelling

The propagation of radio signals in the Earth’s atmosphere is dominantly affected by the ionosphere due to its dispersive nature. Global Positioning System (GPS) data provides relevant information that leads to the derivation of total electron content (TEC) which can be considered as the ionosphere’s measure of ionisation. This paper presents part of a feasibility study for the development of a Neural Network (NN) based model for the prediction of South African GPS derived TEC. The South African GPS receiver network is operated and maintained by the Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping (CDSM) in Cape Town, South Africa. Vertical total electron content (VTEC) was calculated for four GPS receiver stations using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic (ASHA) model. Factors that influence TEC were then identified and used to derive input parameters for the NN. The well established factors used are seasonal variation, diurnal variation, solar activity and magnetic activity. Comparison of diurnal predicted TEC values from both the NN model and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2001) with GPS TEC revealed that the IRI provides more accurate predictions than the NN model during the spring equinoxes. However, on average the NN model predicts GPS TEC more accurately than the IRI model over the GPS locations considered within South Africa.     

升温速率对聚丙烯腈纤维预氧化反应的影响及诱导期的研究

用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了聚丙烯腈/衣糠酸共聚物纤维在氧化性气氛(空气)和非氧化性气氛(氩气)下环化反应和氧化反应受升温速率的影响,分析了这两种反应之间的相互作用和反应机理;结合傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对DSC回收样品的分析研究了环化反应的诱导期.结果表明,环化反应的引发存在一定的诱导期,升温速率越快,诱导期越...